Pea Puffer: History, Facts, Size, Habitat, Classification & Much More

By Emily Buono

Animals Name is delighted to bring you an exciting new blog post all about the charming Pea Puffer! These small but fascinating creatures have captivated animal enthusiasts for years. In this article, we will delve into the captivating history, intriguing facts, unique size, natural habitat, and classification of these remarkable animals.

The Pea Puffer, also known as the Dwarf Pufferfish, is native to the rivers and freshwater bodies of India, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries. These petite creatures have a distinctive ability to inflate themselves by gulping air, which helps them regulate their buoyancy in the water. With a maximum size of only about 1 inch, they are one of the smallest known species of pufferfish.

In their natural habitat, Pea Puffers can be found in slow-moving waters with aquatic vegetation. They are highly adaptable and can live in both freshwater and brackish environments. These omnivorous animals have a peculiar taste for snails and small invertebrates, making them excellent pest controllers in aquariums.

To explore further into the unique characteristics and behavior of the Pea Puffer, stay tuned for the upcoming articles in our Animals Name blog. As an added bonus, don’t forget to check out our comprehensive article on 155+ Animals Name, where you will find lots of intriguing information about a wide range of captivating creatures. With Animals Name, the world of animals is just a click away!

History of Pea Puffer

The Pea Puffer is a small freshwater fish that is native to the rivers and streams of South Asia. Its scientific name is “Carinotetraodon travancoricus.” This tiny fish is often referred to as the “dwarf puffer” because of its small size, reaching only about an inch in length when fully grown. Despite its small stature, the Pea Puffer is known for its unique and fascinating behavior.

The history of the Pea Puffer can be traced back to the late 1930s when it was discovered in the freshwater habitats of India, specifically in the region of Kerala. Local fishkeepers noticed the captivating behavior of these small fish and began breeding them for their aquariums. Through selective breeding, the fishkeepers were able to create different color variations of the Pea Puffer, including green, yellow, and even black.

Due to its impressive adaptability, the Pea Puffer has been able to establish itself in various parts of the world. It has become increasingly popular among aquarium hobbyists, who are intrigued by its quirky nature. Pea Puffers are known for their ability to puff themselves up when they feel threatened, making them appear larger and more intimidating to potential predators. This unique defense mechanism, along with their vibrant colors, makes them highly sought after in the aquarium trade.

Overall, the Pea Puffer is a small but extraordinary fish. Its history can be traced back to India, where it was first discovered and later selectively bred for its vibrant colors. Its popularity among aquarium enthusiasts continues to grow, thanks to its fascinating behavior and eye-catching appearance. Whether kept in a home aquarium or observed in its natural habitat, the Pea Puffer is a truly remarkable creature.

Importance of Pea Puffer

Pea puffers are special animals with unique qualities that make them important in the animal kingdom. These tiny creatures play an important role in maintaining a balanced ecosystem.

Firstly, pea puffers help control the population of snails and other small organisms in their environment. They have a voracious appetite for these creatures, which can sometimes become pests in bodies of water. By eating these pests, pea puffers help keep their numbers in check and prevent them from becoming too widespread.

Secondly, pea puffers are valuable pets for aquarium enthusiasts. Their small size and interesting behavior make them popular choices for home aquariums. People enjoy watching their playful and curious nature as they explore their surroundings. Additionally, pea puffers have striking colors and patterns, which adds beauty to any aquarium.

Lastly, pea puffers are delicate creatures that require a specific environment to thrive. This makes them excellent indicators of water quality. If their health starts to decline or they become stressed, it may indicate that there is a problem with the water in their tank. This can prompt owners to take necessary steps to maintain a clean and healthy environment for their pets.

In conclusion, pea puffers are important animals in the ecosystem as they help control pest populations, are popular aquarium pets, and serve as indicators of water quality. Their unique qualities and contributions make them a fascinating and valuable part of the animal kingdom.

Amazing Facts About Pea Puffer

1. Pea puffer, also known as dwarf pufferfish, is a small freshwater fish native to South Asia.
2. These cute fish typically grow up to only 1-1.5 inches in length, making them one of the smallest pufferfish species.
3. Pea puffers have a round body with a distinct belly, and their colors can range from green to brown or even yellowish.
4. These fish are known for their unique feeding behavior, as they have a beak-like mouth that they use to crush and eat snails and other small invertebrates.
5. Pea puffers are highly adaptable and can survive in various water conditions, but they prefer heavily planted aquariums with lots of hiding spots.
6. Due to their small size, pea puffers are best suited for nano tanks or aquariums with at least 5 gallons of water.
7. It’s important to note that pea puffers are semi-aggressive fish and may not get along with other fish species, especially smaller ones.
8. Male and female pea puffers can be identified by observing their bellies, as the females have a more rounded shape, while the males have a flat belly.
9. Like other pufferfish species, pea puffers have the ability to inflate their bodies by swallowing water or air when they feel threatened.
10. These fish have a short lifespan of about 3-5 years, but with proper care, they can live longer in captivity.
11. Pea puffers are not schooling fish and prefer to live alone or in pairs to minimize aggression.
12. Temperature-wise, pea puffers thrive in water that is slightly warmer, around 77-82°F (25-28°C).
13. It’s essential to provide pea puffers with a varied diet, including live or frozen foods like bloodworms, brine shrimp, and daphnia, to keep them healthy.
14. Pea puffers are known for their intelligence and curiosity, often exploring their surroundings and interacting with their environment.
15. Lastly, these fish are not commonly found in pet stores, so it’s crucial to research and find a reputable breeder or supplier when considering adding a pea puffer to your aquarium.

Can we keep Pea Puffer as our Pet?

Pea puffer, also known as dwarf pufferfish, is a small freshwater fish native to Southeast Asia. It is indeed possible to keep pea puffer as a pet, but it requires proper knowledge and care. However, it is essential to ensure that the pea puffer you keep is not collected from the wild, as this contributes to the decline of their population.

Pea puffers are popular pets due to their unique appearance and interesting behavior. They are tiny fish that only grow to about 1 inch in size, making them suitable for small aquariums. These fish have a greenish-brown body and distinctive yellow eyes. They are also known for their ability to inflate themselves when threatened, resembling a small balloon.

In recent years, the population of pea puffers in the wild has been declining due to habitat destruction and over-collection for the pet trade. Many people catch these fish from their natural habitats, which disrupts the delicate balance of their ecosystems. Due to this decline, it is crucial to discourage the collection of pea puffers from the wild and instead promote the captive breeding of these fish.

In conclusion, while it is possible to keep pea puffer as a pet, it is important to ensure that the fish are ethically sourced and not taken from their natural habitats. The demand for these unique fish should be met through captive breeding programs to help conserve their population in the wild. Ultimately, responsible pet ownership and conservation efforts play a significant role in protecting and preserving the pea puffer species for generations to come.

Size of Pea Puffer

Pea puffers are small animals that live in freshwater. They are also known as dwarf puffers because of their tiny size. These little creatures only grow up to about 1 inch in length, which is even smaller than the pea you eat! Imagine having a pet that is as small as a pea!

Despite their small size, pea puffers are full of personality. They are curious and intelligent animals. Some people even describe them as having a big attitude in their little bodies. These tiny puffers have a unique ability to inflate themselves when they feel threatened. Their tiny bodies can become round and puffy, making them look even more adorable!

Due to their small size, pea puffers require a small tank with ample hiding spots and plants to swim around. They prefer clean and well-filtered water with a temperature between 74 and 82 degrees Fahrenheit. It is important to provide them with a proper diet consisting of small live or frozen foods to keep them healthy. These little puffers can be kept as pet fish in home aquariums, where their bright colors and lively behavior bring joy to their owners.

In conclusion, pea puffers are tiny freshwater fish that grow no bigger than 1 inch in length. Despite their small size, they are full of personality and charm. With the right care and environment, these little puffers can be delightful pets to have in your home aquarium.

Habitat of Pea Puffer

The pea puffer is a tiny fish that is native to freshwater habitats in South Asia, particularly in countries like India and Sri Lanka. These little fish can often be found in slow-moving rivers, streams, and shallow ponds. They prefer places with dense vegetation and lots of hiding spots, such as thickets of aquatic plants or fallen tree branches. These areas provide them with shelter and protection from predators.

In their natural habitat, pea puffers enjoy warm water with a temperature between 75 and 82 degrees Fahrenheit. They also thrive in slightly acidic to neutral water conditions, with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. It’s important for their environment to have a good supply of oxygen, so areas with plants or bubbling water sources are beneficial for them. This helps them breathe properly and stay healthy.

Pea puffers are known for their ability to adapt to different habitats. However, they are very sensitive to water quality and need clean water to thrive. If their habitat becomes polluted or the water parameters become imbalanced, they may not survive. That’s why it’s important for aquarium owners to closely monitor water conditions and maintain a healthy environment for these small fish.

Overall, the pea puffer animal lives in freshwater habitats in South Asia. It prefers warm water with lots of hiding spots and vegetation. As a small fish, it is able to adapt to different environments, but it needs clean and well-balanced water conditions to stay healthy and thriving.

Evolution of Pea Puffer

The pea puffer is a small but fascinating animal that has evolved over time. It belongs to the pufferfish family and is known for its vibrant colors and unique abilities. Let’s take a journey through the evolution of this remarkable creature.

Long ago, pea puffers’ ancestors were not like the pea puffers we see today. They started off as simple fish with no special features. As time went on, these fish began to face challenges in their environment. One of the biggest challenges was predators. To protect themselves, these fish developed the ability to puff up and become round like a ball, making it difficult for predators to eat them.

Over millions of years, these pufferfishes continued to adapt and evolve. They developed sharp beaks that allowed them to eat different kinds of food, such as small crustaceans and snails. Their colors became more vibrant and eye-catching, helping them attract mates and communicate with each other. These adaptations were crucial for their survival in changing environments.

Today, we have the pea puffer, a result of this long evolution. It is a tiny fish, usually under an inch long, but it possesses a big personality. Pea puffers are known for their intelligence and curiosity. They have become popular pets in aquariums due to their unique appearance and behavior. Although they might seem small and insignificant, the pea puffers are a testament to the wonderful process of evolution that has shaped our natural world.

Classification of Pea Puffer

The pea puffer is a special type of animal that belongs to the fish family. It is a small, freshwater fish that is known for its unique appearance and behavior. Pea puffers are often kept as pets in aquariums because of their fascinating characteristics.

In terms of classification, the pea puffer is scientifically known as Carinotetraodon travancoricus. It is a species of pufferfish that is native to the Western Ghats region in India. The pea puffer belongs to the family Tetraodontidae, which is a group of fish known for their ability to puff up their bodies when threatened. It is called a ‘pea’ puffer because it is very small in size, similar to a pea.

The pea puffer has a distinct body structure with a rounded shape and small size, usually measuring only about an inch long. It has a dark greenish-brown or olive-brown coloration with black spots all over its body. Another unique feature of the pea puffer is its ability to change its color depending on its mood or surroundings. It has a strong beak-like mouth that allows it to eat small invertebrates and insects in the wild.

In summary, the pea puffer is a small fish that belongs to the Tetraodontidae family. It is scientifically known as Carinotetraodon travancoricus and is native to India. This special fish is loved by many because of its distinct appearance, small size, and interesting behavior.

Different Types of Pea Puffer

1. Dwarf Pea Puffer: These tiny puffers are only about 1 inch long and come from rivers in Brazil. They are known for their peaceful nature and striking colors, making them a popular choice for aquarium enthusiasts.

2. Malabar Pea Puffer: Native to the coastal regions of India, these puffers are small and colorful. They are often found in freshwater bodies such as rivers and swamps. Their unique hunting behavior and adaptable nature make them a favored choice for fishkeepers.

3. Immaculate Pea Puffer: Originating from Southeast Asia, these puffers are slightly larger in size compared to their dwarf counterparts. They exhibit a peaceful temperament and are highly sought after for their vivid colors and charming personalities.

4. Tangerine Pea Puffer: These puffers, as their name suggests, have a brilliant orange coloration. They are native to Sri Lanka and are prized for their vibrant appearance and inquisitive behavior. Their small size and ease of care make them suitable for beginner fishkeepers.

5. Golden Pea Puffer: Hailing from the streams of India and Sri Lanka, these puffers have a striking gold color and fascinating patterning on their bodies. Their small size, peaceful demeanor, and ability to adapt to different water conditions make them a popular choice for aquarium enthusiasts.

6. Congo Pea Puffer: Native to the Congo Basin in Africa, these puffers are known for their distinctive markings and charming personalities. They are highly intelligent and possess a playful nature, making them an interesting and engaging addition to any aquarium.

7. Hairy Puffer: These puffers are named after their unique appearance, as they have tiny hair-like structures covering their bodies. Originating from the rivers of Thailand, they require special care due to their delicate nature, but their captivating looks make them a prized possession for experienced aquarists.

8. Pignose Puffer: These puffers have a distinctive pig-like snout, which makes them easily recognizable. Native to Southeast Asia, these small and adorable creatures are known for their friendly disposition and ability to adapt to various water conditions, making them a great choice for beginners.

9. Dwarf Pea Puffer (Indian Variety): These puffers are found in the rivers and lakes of India. They are highly territorial and may require individual tanks, but their vibrant colors and lively personalities make them an intriguing choice for experienced fishkeepers and enthusiasts.

10. Albino Pea Puffer: These puffers lack pigmentation, resulting in their distinctive white or pale coloration. Native to Southeast Asia, they are prized for their unique appearance and peaceful behavior. It is important to provide them with proper care to maintain their health and exceptional beauty.

Geographical Presence of Pea Puffer

The Pea Puffer animal is found in the freshwater habitats of Southeast Asia. It is typically found in countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore. These countries have warm and tropical climates, which are suitable for the Pea Puffer to thrive. The Pea Puffer is a small fish that is known for its vibrant colors and unique features.

However, the Pea Puffer is not found in regions outside of Southeast Asia. It prefers the specific conditions and environments found in this part of the world. This means that you will not find the Pea Puffer in places like North America, Europe, or Africa. Its natural habitat is limited to the freshwater habitats of Southeast Asia.

In conclusion, the Pea Puffer animal is found in the freshwater habitats of Southeast Asia, which includes countries like Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore. It is not found in other regions of the world. Its vibrant colors and unique features make it an interesting fish to learn about.

Scientific Name of Pea Puffer

The scientific name of the Pea Puffer is Carinotetraodon travancoricus. The Pea Puffer is a small freshwater fish that belongs to the Tetraodontidae family. It is also known by other names, such as the Dwarf Puffer or the Pygmy Puffer.

The Carinotetraodon travancoricus species is endemic to the freshwater habitats of southwest India. It is a small fish, typically growing to only about 1 inch (2.5 cm) in size. Its body is round and elongated, with a distinctive yellow or olive-brown color and dark spots all over. The Pea Puffer has a unique ability to puff up by inflating its body with water or air when threatened or stressed.

Pea Puffers are highly curious and active fish, known for their playful personality. They are omnivorous, meaning they eat both meaty foods like small invertebrates and also vegetation. These fish require a well-maintained aquarium with plenty of hiding spots and plants. With their size and unique appearance, the Pea Puffer is a popular choice among aquarium enthusiasts and can bring much joy to fishkeepers.

Diet of Pea Puffer

The pea puffer animal has a very specific diet. It mainly eats small creatures found in the water, such as insects, snails, and small crustaceans. These tiny creatures serve as its main source of food and help it stay healthy.

One of the pea puffer’s favorite foods is snails. It has a strong beak-like mouth that can easily crush the shells of snails, allowing it to eat the soft parts inside. It also enjoys feeding on insects like mosquito larvae and small crustaceans like shrimp.

To catch its prey, the pea puffer uses its keen eyesight and lightning-fast movements. It swims swiftly towards its target, pouncing on it with precision and devouring it in a blink of an eye. It has a voracious appetite and needs to eat several times a day to stay satisfied.

The pea puffer animal’s diet is very important to its survival. By eating a variety of small creatures, it gets the nutrients it needs to grow, stay healthy, and have energy for swimming and doing other activities. Although it may be a tiny animal, its diet plays a big role in its life.

Locomotion of Pea Puffer

The pea puffer animal moves in a special way called locomotion. Locomotion is how animals move from one place to another. The pea puffer has some interesting ways of getting around.

One way the pea puffer moves is by swimming. It has tiny fins on its belly and back that help it glide through the water. When it wants to go up or down, it uses these fins to change its direction. This helps the pea puffer reach different parts of the water and find food. It looks so graceful when it swims!

Another way the pea puffer moves is by hopping. It has small muscular legs that it uses to jump from one place to another. This is especially important when the water is shallow or when it wants to explore outside of the water. The pea puffer hops like a little frog!

In conclusion, the pea puffer moves around by swimming and hopping. Its fins help it swim, while its legs help it hop. It’s amazing to see how this tiny animal can get around in different environments!

Social and Sexual Behaviour of Pea Puffer

Pea puffers are small fish that have interesting social and sexual behaviors. They live in freshwater environments, such as rivers and lakes. These fish like to live in groups and are not usually alone. They are social animals and enjoy being around others of their kind.

In terms of their social behavior, pea puffers communicate with each other through various ways. They use their fins to show dominance or submission to other fish. They might also flare their fins and display vibrant colors to attract mates or intimidate rivals. Pea puffers are known to be territorial and will defend their space from other fish. They might chase away intruders to protect their home.

When it comes to their sexual behavior, pea puffers engage in courtship rituals to find a mate. The male fish might perform a dance to impress the female. They might also change their colors to appear more attractive. Once the female accepts the male’s advances, they lay eggs that the male guards until they hatch. This helps to ensure the survival of the offspring.

In summary, pea puffers are social fish that enjoy the company of others. They communicate through body language and defend their territory. During courtship, they perform dances and change colors to attract a mate. The male takes care of the eggs until they hatch. These fascinating behaviors contribute to the survival and reproduction of pea puffer fish in their freshwater homes.

Reproduction and Lifecycle of Pea Puffer

The pea puffer is a tiny and fascinating animal that lives in freshwater aquariums. It has an interesting life cycle that involves reproduction and growth. Let’s learn more about it!

The life cycle of a pea puffer starts with reproduction. These little creatures lay eggs that are then fertilized by the male puffer. The female puffer can lay up to 100 eggs at a time, and these eggs are usually attached to plants or decorations in the aquarium. The eggs are transparent and very small, about the size of a pinhead.

After a few days, the eggs hatch into tiny fry. These fry are so small that they can only be seen with a microscope. At this stage, they need to be fed very small particles of food, like infusoria, which are tiny organisms found in water. As they grow, the fry start to develop color and their bodies become more visible.

As the fry continue to grow, they transform into baby puffers. These baby puffers still need to eat very small food particles but can also start eating slightly larger foods, like baby brine shrimp. Over time, the baby puffers grow into adult puffers and reach their full size, which is only about one inch in length.

And that’s the life cycle of a pea puffer! From laying eggs to hatching into fry, and then growing into adult puffers, these little creatures have a fascinating journey. It’s amazing to see how they develop and grow in the aquarium, providing a wonderful sight for those who have the pleasure of observing them.

Threats to Pea Puffer

Pea puffers are small and cute animals that live in freshwater environments. However, these adorable creatures face several threats that could harm their survival. One major threat is the destruction of their habitats. Pea puffers rely on pristine water bodies with plenty of plants and hiding spots. But, due to human activities like pollution and deforestation, their homes are being destroyed. This puts the pea puffers at risk of losing their shelter and food sources.

Another threat to pea puffers is overfishing. Many people find these little puffers fascinating and want to keep them as pets. However, capturing pea puffers from the wild can deplete their populations. Furthermore, improper care in captivity can lead to their poor health and even death. It is essential to protect these animals in their natural habitats and discourage the illegal trade of pea puffer pets.

The introduction of invasive species is yet another danger to pea puffers. Invasive species are animals or plants that are not native to a particular area and can harm the existing ecosystem. For example, some larger fish species that are introduced to the same water bodies as pea puffers may prey upon them, affecting their population size. To safeguard the pea puffers and their habitats, it is crucial to prevent the introduction of invasive species and maintain the balance of ecosystems.

To ensure the survival of pea puffers, it is necessary to take action against the threats they face. Protecting their habitats, regulating the pet trade, and preventing the spread of invasive species are significant steps in conserving these unique animals. By understanding and addressing these threats, we can help pea puffers thrive and contribute to the biodiversity of freshwater environments.

Population of Pea Puffer

The population of the Pea Puffer animal, also known as the dwarf pufferfish, is difficult to determine as there are no reliable estimates available. However, it is believed that the population of these small fish is relatively stable in their natural habitat. The Pea Puffer is typically found in freshwater rivers and lakes in Southeast Asia, particularly in countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.

Unfortunately, due to the degradation of their natural habitats caused by pollution and human activities, some species of pufferfish, including the Pea Puffer, are facing the risk of extinction. The excessive use of chemicals, overfishing, and the destruction of their breeding grounds are the main reasons for their decline. If the population continues to decline, it could lead to the extinction of these small fish.

It is crucial for us to take immediate action to protect the Pea Puffer and ensure the preservation of their habitats. Efforts such as creating protected areas and enforcing regulations against pollution and overfishing can significantly contribute to saving these unique species. It is important for everyone to be aware of the consequences of our actions on the natural world and to work together to conserve our planet’s biodiversity.

Conclusion

To sum up, the Pea Puffer, also known as the Carinotetraodon travancoricus, is a fascinating and unique animal. Found in the backwaters of southern India, these tiny creatures are known for their vibrant colors and lively behavior. Although small in size, measuring only about 1 inch, they have become quite popular among fish enthusiasts around the world.

Pea Puffers live in freshwater habitats, particularly in slow-moving streams and rivers. They are commonly found in shallow waters with dense vegetation, as this provides them with hiding spots and a source of food. These small fish are omnivorous, meaning they eat both plants and small invertebrates.

Classification-wise, the Pea Puffers belong to the Tetraodontidae family, which also includes other pufferfish species. Being a member of this family, they possess a unique defensive mechanism – the ability to inflate their bodies when threatened. This helps them protect themselves from predators in the wild.

In conclusion, the Pea Puffer is an intriguing animal with a rich history and interesting facts. Its small size and vibrant colors make it a popular choice among aquarium owners. Found in freshwater habitats, these tiny fish are known for their omnivorous diet and unique defensive capabilities. Learning about different animals, like the Pea Puffer, helps us appreciate the diverse and wonderful world of nature.

Frequently Asked Questions about Pea Puffer (FAQ’s)

Q: What is a pea puffer?
A: A pea puffer, also known as a dwarf pufferfish, is a small freshwater fish species.

Q: How big does a pea puffer grow?
A: Pea puffers typically reach a maximum size of around 1 inch (2.5 cm).

Q: What is the natural habitat of pea puffers?
A: Pea puffers are native to freshwater environments in India, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries.

Q: Can pea puffers be kept in a regular aquarium?
A: Yes, pea puffers can be kept in a regular aquarium, but it is important to provide suitable conditions for their well-being.

Q: What should I feed my pea puffer?
A: Pea puffers are primarily carnivorous and require a diet consisting of small live or frozen foods such as bloodworms, brine shrimp, and daphnia.

Q: Are pea puffers aggressive?
A: Yes, pea puffers are known for their territorial and aggressive behavior, especially towards their own species.

Q: Can I keep more than one pea puffer in the same tank?
A: It is generally recommended to keep pea puffers individually or in a species-only tank to prevent aggression and territorial disputes.

Q: Do pea puffers require a heavily planted tank?
A: Although pea puffers enjoy densely planted tanks, providing enough hiding spots and plant cover is sufficient to create a suitable environment.

Q: How often should I clean the tank for pea puffers?
A: Regular water changes should be done weekly to maintain good water quality, but the frequency of tank cleaning will depend on the size of the tank and the number of occupants.

Q: Can pea puffers tolerate different water parameters?
A: Pea puffers prefer slightly acidic water with a pH range of 6.0-7.5 and a temperature between 75-82°F (24-28°C).

Q: Can pea puffers jump out of the tank?
A: Yes, like many other fish species, pea puffers have been known to jump out of uncovered tanks, so it is important to have a secure lid.

Q: Can I keep pea puffers with other fish?
A: Pea puffers are generally not recommended to be kept with other fish species, as they may nip at fins or become aggressive towards tankmates.

Q: Do pea puffers require specific lighting?
A: Pea puffers do not have specific lighting requirements, but providing a natural day and night cycle with low to moderate lighting is advisable.

Q: How long do pea puffers live?
A: With proper care, pea puffers can live up to 5 years or more in captivity.

Q: Can I breed pea puffers at home?
A: Breeding pea puffers in a home aquarium is challenging, as it requires specific conditions, including a species-only tank, appropriate water parameters, and proper nutrition for the fry.

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