Brown Hyena: History, Facts, Size, Habitat, Classification & Much More

By Tyler Swan

Brown Hyena: History, Facts, Size, Habitat, Classification

Animals are fascinating creatures and mammals are no exception. One such intriguing mammal is the Brown Hyena. In this blog post, we will delve into its history, facts, size, habitat, and classification.

The Brown Hyena, also known by its scientific name Parahyaena brunnea, is a species of hyena found primarily in southern Africa. It is one of the rarer species of hyenas and is known for its distinct brown colored fur, which sets it apart from its spotted cousins.

These curious creatures have a long and storied history dating back millions of years. Fossil evidence suggests that the Brown Hyena evolved from a common ancestor with other hyenas. They have managed to survive and adapt to various changes in their environment over time.

Now let’s talk about some interesting facts about the Brown Hyena. They are smaller in size compared to other hyena species, with an average weight of around 40 to 45 kilograms. Their diet mainly consists of carrion, but they are also known to hunt small animals when necessary. This scavenging behavior helps keep their ecosystem in balance.

When it comes to habitat, Brown Hyenas prefer arid and semi-arid regions like deserts and savannahs. They often make their dens in crevices, caves, or even old termite mounds, providing protection from predators and harsh weather conditions.

In terms of classification, the Brown Hyena belongs to the family Hyaenidae, which also includes other hyena species. However, they are the only extant members of the genus Parahyaena. Understanding their classification helps us better understand their place in the animal kingdom and their relationships with other species.

In this blog, we aim to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of various animals, including the Brown Hyena. Be sure to check out our other articles too, where we have covered over 155 different animal species. Stay tuned for more fascinating insights into the animal world!

History of Brown Hyena

The brown hyena is a fascinating animal with a long history. Its story begins millions of years ago, when its ancestors roamed the earth. These ancient relatives were known as the hyaenodonts and they lived during the time of the dinosaurs. Over time, the brown hyena evolved into the creature we know today.

Fast forward to more recent times, the brown hyena can be found in parts of southern Africa, such as Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. Unlike their more well-known cousins, the spotted hyenas, brown hyenas have a more solitary lifestyle. They prefer to live in small family groups, known as clans, which consist of one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

Sadly, the brown hyena has faced many challenges throughout history. Humans have often seen them as a threat to livestock and have hunted them, leading to a decline in their population. Additionally, habitat loss due to human activities, such as farming and urbanization, has further threatened their survival.

However, efforts are being made to protect these amazing animals. Conservation organizations and governments are working together to create protected areas where the brown hyena can thrive. These initiatives aim to preserve their natural habitats and educate people about the importance of coexisting with wildlife.

Overall, the brown hyena’s history is a testament to its resilience. Despite the many challenges it has faced, it continues to adapt and live alongside humans. By understanding its past, we can work towards a future where these unique creatures are able to thrive in the wild for generations to come.

Importance of Brown Hyena

The brown hyena plays an important role in its ecosystem. For starters, these animals are known as scavengers, which means they feed on the carcasses of dead animals. This might not sound very appealing, but it’s a crucial job. By eating the remains of dead animals, brown hyenas help prevent the spread of disease. They clean up the environment by getting rid of decaying flesh that would otherwise attract bacteria and pests. This helps keep the ecosystem in balance and reduces the risk of disease outbreaks.

Apart from their clean-up duties, brown hyenas also contribute to the biodiversity of their habitat. They are one of the few large carnivores found in the deserts and semi-deserts of Africa. Their presence helps maintain a healthy and diverse ecosystem. Furthermore, as hunters occasionally steal food from them, brown hyenas indirectly benefit other scavengers by providing them with extra food. This promotes a thriving food chain and ensures the equilibrium of prey and predators in the ecosystem.

In addition, studying and protecting brown hyenas can teach us a lot about the natural world. These animals have developed unique adaptations to survive in harsh environments, such as long legs to travel long distances and large ears to dissipate heat. By studying them, scientists can gain insights into how animals can live and thrive in challenging conditions. This knowledge can be applied to the conservation of other species and even help humans develop innovative solutions to cope with environmental changes. Protecting brown hyenas and their habitat is not only essential for their survival but can also contribute to the well-being of our planet.

Amazing Facts About Brown Hyena

1. Brown hyenas are a species of hyena found mainly in southern Africa, particularly in the arid regions of Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa.
2. They are the second-largest species of hyena, with a body length of about 51-63 inches and a shoulder height of around 30 inches.
3. Brown hyenas have a distinct appearance, characterized by a shaggy and brownish-gray coat with darker spots or blotches scattered all over their body.
4. Unlike other hyena species, brown hyenas have a sloping back and shorter hind legs, which gives them a more bear-like appearance.
5. The diet of brown hyenas primarily consists of carrion or dead animals, making them a valuable scavenger in their ecosystems.
6. They are skilled hunters as well and can bring down prey such as antelopes, small mammals, and birds for food.
7. Brown hyenas are known for their strong jaws and powerful teeth, allowing them to crush bones and consume the entire carcass, including hooves, horns, and even hair.
8. These hyenas are mainly nocturnal, which means they are most active during the night when they search for food and water.
9. Brown hyenas live in small family groups called clans, consisting of an alpha male, several females, and their offspring.
10. One distinctive aspect of brown hyena clans is that they have multiple dens located throughout their territory, which they alternate and move between.
11. The dens are typically burrows or rocky crevices where they can rest, breed, and protect themselves from predators and extreme weather conditions.
12. The brown hyena has a unique form of communication, where it often marks its territory by leaving a strong-smelling secretion from its anal gland on bushes and rocks.
13. The average lifespan of a brown hyena is around 10-12 years in the wild but can reach up to 25 years in captivity.
14. Brown hyenas face various threats in the wild, including habitat loss, persecution by humans, and competition with other predators like lions and hyenas.
15. Conservation efforts are crucial for protecting brown hyenas, as they play a significant role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems and are an important part of Africa’s biodiversity.

Can we keep Brown Hyena as our Pet?

Keeping a Brown Hyena as a pet is not a good idea. Brown Hyenas are wild animals and not suitable for domestication. They belong to the family of hyenas, known for their fierce nature and wild behavior. They have specific needs and behaviors that are difficult to meet in a human household.

Furthermore, it’s important to note that Brown Hyenas are not extinct. However, they are considered a vulnerable species. This means that their population numbers have decreased significantly, and they are at risk of becoming endangered or even extinct if we do not take necessary conservation measures. It is crucial to protect and preserve the remaining population of Brown Hyenas in their natural habitat, rather than trying to keep them as pets.

Attempting to keep a Brown Hyena as a pet would also be detrimental to the animal’s well-being. They require vast territories to roam, search for food, and satisfy their natural instincts. These needs cannot be met in a typical household setting. Furthermore, hyenas have specific dietary requirements that are challenging to provide in captivity. It is essential to respect their natural behavior and let them thrive in their natural environment.

In conclusion, keeping a Brown Hyena as a pet is not recommended. They are wild animals, and attempting to domesticate them is not ethical or responsible. Instead, we should focus on conserving their natural habitats and protecting them from extinction.

Size of Brown Hyena

The Brown Hyena is a fascinating creature with a unique size. Typically, adult Brown Hyenas measure around 1.1 to 1.15 meters in length from their snout to the tip of their tail. Their tail alone can be about 25 to 35 centimeters long. If you were to see a Brown Hyena standing on all fours, they would typically measure about 70 centimeters tall at the shoulder.

Although the Brown Hyena may not appear to be very large, they can still weigh quite a lot. On average, male Brown Hyenas can weigh anywhere between 36 to 41 kilograms, while females are usually a bit lighter, weighing around 30 to 35 kilograms. These hyenas have a stocky body with a thick coat, which makes them seem even larger than they actually are.

Compared to other hyena species, such as the Spotted Hyena, the Brown Hyena is generally smaller in size. However, it is important to note that these measurements can vary slightly depending on the subspecies and individual hyena. Despite being smaller than some of their relatives, Brown Hyenas are incredibly skilled and resilient hunters, adapting well to their environment and ensuring their survival in the wild.

Habitat of Brown Hyena

The brown hyena is an animal found in parts of southern Africa. It lives in a variety of habitats, including the desert, semi-desert, and grasslands. They make their homes in dens located in rocky areas, and sometimes even in abandoned burrows dug by other animals.

In the desert, the brown hyena is able to survive by eating small plants, insects, and the occasional carcass it comes across. In the semi-desert, where there is more vegetation, they also feed on fruits and berries. In the grasslands, they have a wider array of food options as they can hunt small rodents, reptiles, and live off the remains of larger animals left behind by other predators.

Brown hyenas are incredibly adaptable animals, which means they are able to survive in different types of environments. Their dens are usually hidden among large rocks or in dense brush, providing them with protection from potential predators and extreme weather conditions. The dens also serve as a safe place for females to raise their young, ensuring they have a secure environment to grow up in.

Overall, the brown hyena is a resourceful animal that can thrive in various habitats. Its ability to find food and create suitable dens allows it to survive in the sometimes harsh environments of southern Africa. By adapting to different habitats, the brown hyena has found a way to make its home in both the desert and grasslands, showcasing its impressive resilience.

Evolution of Brown Hyena

The brown hyena is an animal that has changed a lot over time. Long ago, it had a common ancestor with other hyenas, but it evolved into its own unique species. This evolution happened over millions of years, and the brown hyena adapted to survive in its environment.

In the beginning, brown hyenas looked more like other hyenas. They had similar features and lived in the same areas. However, as time passed, they started to develop their own traits. One of the main differences is their color. While other hyenas are mostly spotted, brown hyenas have a dull brown coat that helps them blend in with their surroundings. This color change was helpful for them to hunt and hide from predators.

Another important change in the brown hyena’s evolution is its diet. While other hyenas are known for their scavenging behavior, brown hyenas began to hunt and eat more live prey. This adaptation made them more independent and allowed them to survive in areas with less access to food resources. They developed strong jaws and teeth to capture their prey effectively.

Overall, the evolution of the brown hyena shows how species can change over time to adapt to their environment. Through millions of years, they developed a unique appearance and behavior to survive in their habitats. Their brown color and hunting skills are what make them special and different from other hyenas.

Classification of Brown Hyena

The brown hyena is an interesting animal that belongs to the family Hyaenidae. It is commonly known as the brown hyena due to its brownish-gray fur. The scientific name for the brown hyena is Hyaena brunnea. Brown hyenas are native to the southern parts of Africa, such as Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa.

The brown hyena is classified as a mammal, which means it is warm-blooded and gives birth to live young. It is also classified as a carnivore, which means it primarily eats meat. However, the brown hyena has an interesting diet that includes not only small mammals, but also fruits, insects, and even carrion. This makes it an opportunistic feeder, able to adapt and survive in different environments.

In terms of size, the brown hyena is the second largest hyena species, with males weighing around 90-95 pounds and females weighing around 85 pounds. They have a distinct appearance with a sloping back, longer front legs than hind legs, and a large head. Their fur is coarse and often has a scruffy appearance. Despite their somewhat intimidating appearance, brown hyenas are generally shy and not aggressive towards humans.

To sum up, the brown hyena is a fascinating animal that belongs to the Hyaenidae family. It is a mammal and carnivore, known for its brownish-gray fur. It has a diverse diet that includes meat, fruits, insects, and carrion. Despite its size and appearance, the brown hyena is generally shy and not harmful to humans.

Different Types of Brown Hyena

1. Diet: Brown hyenas primarily feed on carrion (dead animals), but they also hunt small mammals, reptiles, and birds. Their strong jaws can even break open the bones to reach the nutritious marrow inside.
2. Habitat: They inhabit arid and semi-arid regions of southern Africa, including the Kalahari Desert and coastal areas. These adaptable animals can survive in various habitats, including grasslands, savannas, and even mountainous regions.
3. Appearance: With a shaggy brown coat, a sloping back, and a striped neck, brown hyenas are easily recognizable. They have large ears and a sloping forehead, giving them a unique and slightly odd appearance.
4. Social structure: Brown hyenas are mostly solitary animals but can form small groups called clans made up of related individuals. These clans help in cooperative feeding and provide protection from predators, as well as assisting in raising the young.
5. Communication: They communicate through a variety of vocalizations, including giggling sounds and growls. Their strong smelling secretions, left through scent marking, also play a vital role in marking territories and signaling information to other hyenas.
6. Adaptations: Brown hyenas have several physical adaptations that help them survive in their harsh environment. Their long, muscular forelimbs and large paws with strong claws enable them to dig dens and scavenge for food efficiently.
7. Parenting: Females give birth to one or two cubs, which are raised within the clan. Cubs remain dependent on their mothers for around two years, during which they learn essential hunting and survival skills before becoming independent.
8. Threats: Brown hyenas face numerous threats, including habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and accidental snaring. Additionally, they are often targeted by farmers as a perceived threat to their livestock, leading to human-induced population decline.
9. Conservation status: They are classified as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Conservation efforts aim to mitigate human-wildlife conflict and protect their habitats to ensure the survival of these unique animals.
10. Ecological role: Brown hyenas play an essential role in the ecosystem as scavengers. By efficiently consuming carrion, they help prevent the spread of diseases and reduce waste, contributing to overall ecosystem balance and health.

Geographical Presence of Brown Hyena

The Brown Hyena is found in the southern regions of Africa, primarily in countries like Namibia, South Africa, and Botswana. They prefer areas with a mix of savannah grasslands and desert landscapes. These regions provide them with enough food and shelter to survive. The Brown Hyena has adapted well to these environments and can even withstand extreme temperatures. They are known for their solitary lifestyle, often traveling long distances to find food and water.

However, Brown Hyenas are not found in other parts of Africa, such as the eastern or western regions. These areas have different climates and habitats that are not suitable for the Brown Hyena’s survival. For example, the dense rainforests of Central Africa do not provide the open spaces and grasslands that they need to thrive. Similarly, the arid deserts of North Africa lack the necessary resources for their survival. These regions are home to other types of hyenas, like the Spotted Hyena, which are better adapted to these specific environments.

In conclusion, the Brown Hyena is a fascinating animal found in the southern regions of Africa. They prefer areas with savannah grasslands and deserts. However, they are not found in other parts of Africa that have different climates and habitats. It is interesting to see how different animals are suited to different environments.

Scientific Name of Brown Hyena

The scientific name of the brown hyena is Hyaena brunnea. Brown hyenas are fascinating creatures found in southern Africa. They are known for their unique appearance and behavior, making them a truly remarkable species in the animal kingdom.

Brown hyenas have a distinct brown coat of fur, which sets them apart from other hyena species. They have a slightly hunched back and relatively short hind legs, giving them a peculiar appearance. These hyenas are also smaller in size compared to their spotted cousins, with an average weight of about 40 to 80 kilograms.

One interesting characteristic of brown hyenas is their feeding behavior. They are scavengers, which means they primarily feed on carrion (dead animals). They have strong jaws that allow them to crush bones, which is a necessity for their diet. This unique adaptation allows them to access the nutritious marrow inside bones that most other predators cannot reach.

In summary, the brown hyena, scientifically known as Hyaena brunnea, is a remarkable animal found in southern Africa. With their distinctive brown fur and interesting feeding habits, they are a fascinating species to study. By learning more about these incredible creatures, we can develop a greater appreciation for the diverse wildlife that exist in our world.

Diet of Brown Hyena

The diet of the Brown Hyena is quite varied. These animals like to eat both meat and plants. They are known as omnivores. This means that they can digest and get nutrients from both animals and plants.

One important part of a Brown Hyena’s diet is meat. They are scavengers, which means they eat the leftovers from other animals’ kills. They will eat the remains of animals that have been killed by bigger predators, like lions or leopards. They also hunt small animals, such as birds, lizards, and rodents. This helps them get the protein and energy they need to survive.

Not only do Brown Hyenas eat meat, but they also consume plants. They are known to eat fruits, roots, and even some vegetables. They sometimes even eat the bark and leaves of certain trees. These plants provide them with important vitamins and minerals that they need to stay healthy.

In conclusion, the Brown Hyena has an interesting diet. They are scavengers who eat the leftovers from other animals’ kills, as well as hunt small animals. In addition to meat, they also eat plants like fruits, roots, and tree bark. This helps them get all the nutrients they need to survive and thrive in their environment.

Locomotion of Brown Hyena

The brown hyena is a special kind of animal that can move in different ways. When it wants to go fast, it can run on its feet just like us humans. However, it is not as fast as other animals like cheetahs or lions. It can also walk, which means it moves more slowly but still covers distances. When it walks, it puts one leg in front of the other and takes small steps. This helps it to move quietly and not be noticed by other animals.

The brown hyena can also trot, which is like a faster version of walking. It lifts its legs a bit higher and takes bigger steps to move more quickly. This is useful when it needs to travel a bit faster but not as fast as running. Finally, when it wants to move very slowly or sneak up on something, it can creep. This means it moves very quietly and carefully, keeping its body low to the ground.

In conclusion, the brown hyena is a clever animal that can move in different ways. It can run, walk, trot, and even creep to get from one place to another. This helps it survive in its habitat and find food without being noticed by other animals.

Social and Sexual Behaviour of Brown Hyena

The social behavior of brown hyenas resembles that of some other species like wolves and lions. They live in small groups called clans, usually consisting of a dominant female, her offspring, and other adult males and females. These clans typically have between 2 to 10 members. Unlike other hyena species, brown hyena females are usually dominant, leading and protecting their clan.

Sexual behavior among brown hyenas is quite interesting. Females usually mate with multiple males within their clan, which is known as polyandry. This is because the males do not compete for mating rights, as they are usually related or siblings. However, outside their clan, males may compete with each other for a female’s attention.

When it comes to raising their young, both males and females play an active role. The female will give birth to one to three cubs, who are born with their eyes open and ready to explore their surroundings. The cubs will stay with their mother for about a year, learning essential skills for survival. During this time, males within the clan will also provide care and protection to the cubs.

In summary, brown hyenas are social animals that live in small family groups called clans. Their sexual behavior involves females mating with multiple males within their clan, while males may compete for females outside of their clan. Both males and females actively participate in caring for their young, ensuring their survival.

Reproduction and Lifecycle of Brown Hyena

Brown hyenas have a unique and interesting way of bringing new life into the world. They reproduce through sexual reproduction, just like humans and many other animals. The female brown hyena has a special place called a den, where she gives birth to her young ones. These dens are usually located in rocky areas or burrows dug by other animals.

The life cycle of a brown hyena begins when the female mates with a male during a specific time called the breeding season. After a gestation period of about three months, the mother gives birth to one or two cubs. These cubs are born blind and helpless, weighing only about two pounds. The den provides a safe and warm environment for them to grow and develop.

During the first few weeks, the mother takes care of her cubs by nursing them and protecting them from any danger. As they grow older, the cubs start to eat solid food, such as meat, brought by their mother. At about one year of age, the cubs become independent and leave their mother’s den to start their own journey in life.

The life cycle of a brown hyena from birth to adulthood is truly fascinating. It demonstrates how these incredible animals reproduce and ensure the survival of their species. The unique behaviors and strategies of brown hyenas make them a valuable part of our natural world.

Threats to Brown Hyena

The brown hyena is facing several threats that put its survival at risk. One of the main threats is habitat loss. As humans expand their farms and cities, the brown hyena is losing its natural home. Forests and grasslands are being cut down or destroyed to make room for buildings and agriculture. This means that the brown hyenas have less space to live and find food, which can lead to their population decreasing.

Another threat to brown hyenas is hunting and trapping. Some people hunt hyenas for their fur, bones, or body parts, which they believe have special powers or medicinal value. This illegal hunting is a big problem because it kills these animals unnecessarily and reduces their numbers. Additionally, brown hyenas are often trapped, with the intention of reducing livestock losses. However, many times, these traps end up harming or killing the hyenas instead.

Furthermore, as the human population continues to grow, conflicts between people and brown hyenas are also increasing. When hyenas come close to human settlements in search of food, they often get labeled as pests or dangerous animals. This leads to people hunting or killing them in order to protect their homes and livestock. These conflicts can have a devastating impact on the brown hyena population and disrupt their natural behavior.

In conclusion, the brown hyena is facing threats such as habitat loss, hunting, trapping, and conflicts with humans. These threats are putting the survival of these animals at risk, and urgent action is needed to protect and conserve their population. It is important for people to learn about these threats and work together to find solutions that allow both humans and brown hyenas to coexist peacefully.

Population of Brown Hyena

The population of the Brown Hyena animal is estimated to be around 4,000 individuals. These unique creatures can be found in parts of southern Africa, such as Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. Despite their name, Brown Hyenas are not actually members of the hyena family, but rather belong to their own distinct species.

Sadly, the Brown Hyena is listed as near threatened on the IUCN Red List. This means that although their population is not at an immediate risk of extinction, their numbers have been declining over time. The main reasons for their declining population are habitat loss, food scarcity, and conflicts with humans. As human activities, such as farming and urbanization, increase, the natural habitats of Brown Hyenas are being destroyed. This leads to a decrease in their main food sources, such as small mammals and insects.

If the Brown Hyena were to become extinct, it would be a great loss to the diverse ecosystems of southern Africa. These animals play important roles in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems by helping control populations of other animals. Additionally, they contribute to the ecological functioning of their habitats through scavenging and dispersing seeds. Efforts are being made to protect and conserve the remaining populations of Brown Hyenas to ensure their survival for generations to come.

Conclusion

In summary, the Brown Hyena is a fascinating creature found in Africa, and it belongs to a family of animals known as hyenas. This unique animal has a rich history that dates back millions of years, making it one of the oldest living species on our planet. The Brown Hyena has adapted to survive in different habitats, ranging from the dry savannahs to the coastal regions.

With an average size of around 3.3 to 4.2 feet in length and weighing between 70 to 100 pounds, the Brown Hyena is a medium-sized animal. Its distinct appearance, with its dark brown fur and a long, shaggy mane, sets it apart from other hyenas.

When it comes to classification, the Brown Hyena is part of the Hyaenidae family, which also includes the Spotted Hyena and Striped Hyena. Despite their reputation as scavengers, these animals play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems, as they are skilled hunters as well. They are known to be primarily nocturnal, using their sharp senses of smell and hearing to locate their prey.

In conclusion, the Brown Hyena is an incredible creature that has withstood the test of time. Its historical significance, unique features, and adaptability make it a captivating subject to study. By learning about and appreciating animals like the Brown Hyena, we can gain a better understanding of the diverse and wonderful world of wildlife.

Frequently Asked Questions about Brown Hyena (FAQ’s)

Q: What is a brown hyena?
A: A brown hyena is a species of hyena found primarily in southern Africa.

Q: How does the brown hyena get its name?
A: It gets its name from the brown coloration of its fur, which differentiates it from other hyena species.

Q: What is the scientific name of the brown hyena?
A: The scientific name of the brown hyena is Hyaena brunnea.

Q: What is the habitat of the brown hyena?
A: Brown hyenas are typically found in arid habitats such as the desert, savannah, and scrublands.

Q: How big do brown hyenas grow?
A: Brown hyenas are the smaller species of hyenas and can grow up to 35 inches tall and weigh up to 77 pounds.

Q: What do brown hyenas eat?
A: Brown hyenas have an omnivorous diet that consists of both plant matter and animal prey. They are known to scavenge on carrion and also hunt small mammals, insects, and birds.

Q: Are brown hyenas solitary or social animals?
A: Brown hyenas are typically solitary animals, but they can occasionally form small family groups.

Q: How long do brown hyenas live?
A: The average lifespan of a brown hyena in the wild is around 10-12 years, but some individuals have been known to live up to 20 years.

Q: Are brown hyenas endangered?
A: Brown hyenas are currently listed as a near-threatened species due to habitat loss, poaching, and conflicts with humans.

Q: Do brown hyenas have any predators?
A: Brown hyenas have few natural predators, but they may sometimes fall victim to lions, leopards, and spotted hyenas.

Q: How do brown hyenas communicate?
A: Brown hyenas use a variety of vocalizations, including whooping calls, growls, and screams, to communicate with each other.

Q: Are brown hyenas dangerous to humans?
A: Brown hyenas are generally not considered dangerous to humans, as they are shy and tend to avoid human contact.

Q: How many pups do brown hyenas typically have?
A: Brown hyenas usually give birth to one or two pups at a time.

Q: Do brown hyenas play any important role in their ecosystem?
A: Yes, brown hyenas play a vital role in their ecosystem by scavenging on carcasses, which helps prevent the spread of diseases and aids in nutrient recycling.

Q: Can brown hyenas be kept as pets?
A: No, keeping brown hyenas as pets is illegal in many countries and they are not suitable to be kept in captivity.

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