Wildebeest: History, Facts, Size, Habitat, Classification & Much More

By Morgan Gutierrez

The fascinating world of animals never ceases to amaze us. With their diverse range of species, each with its unique characteristics, the animal kingdom is a constant source of intrigue and wonder. In this blog post, we delve into the fascinating world of the wildebeest, exploring its history, facts, size, habitat, and classification.

The wildebeest, also known as the gnu, is a large antelope native to the grassy plains of Africa. These majestic animals play an essential role in the continent’s ecosystems. Let’s start with some history. The wildebeest has a lineage stretching back millions of years. Fossils found in Eastern Africa reveal that they have roamed the Earth for ages. It is truly astonishing to think about the legacy these animals carry within them.

Moving on to some interesting facts, did you know that the wildebeest is highly renowned for its annual migration? These magnificent creatures travel long distances, sometimes over hundreds of miles, in search of water and better grazing opportunities. They embark on this epic journey in search of greener pastures, which is a sight to behold!

As for the wildebeest’s size, adults can reach an average shoulder height of 4 to 5 feet and weigh between 300 to 600 pounds. Their sizable bodies, adorned with a shaggy mane and curved horns, make them an impressive sight to see.

Now, let’s talk about the habitat and classification of the wildebeest. These animals thrive in open grasslands and savannas, often forming large herds that travel together. They have a unique place in the animal kingdom and belong to the family Bovidae, which includes antelopes, cattle, and goats.

In this blog post, we provide a comprehensive overview of the wildebeest, shedding light on its history, sharing interesting facts, discussing its size and habitat, and exploring its classification within the animal kingdom. So, get ready to embark on a captivating journey and discover the wonders of these remarkable creatures.

Please note that our blog already features an article covering 155+ Animal Names, offering a wealth of information about various animals. Feel free to explore that article for more interesting insights.

History of Wildebeest

Wildebeests have a fascinating history that stretches back thousands of years. These magnificent creatures can be found primarily in the African savannahs and grasslands. They are known for their distinctive appearance, with large heads, long legs, and curved, pointed horns.

In the past, wildebeests played a crucial role in the survival of both humans and other animals in the African ecosystem. These animals would migrate in search of greener pastures and water sources. This movement helped fertilize the lands they traversed, enabling the growth of fresh grass that sustains many other animals.

Over time, humans started to hunt wildebeests for their meat and hides. This hunting, along with habitat loss due to human activities, began to impact the wildebeest population. However, due to their remarkable adaptive abilities, these animals have managed to survive and even thrive in some areas.

Today, wildebeests are considered a keystone species in the African ecosystem. They continue their awe-inspiring migrations, covering vast distances each year. These migrations are not only crucial for their own survival, but they also help maintain the balance of the ecosystem by spreading seeds, controlling grasslands’ growth, and providing a vital source of food for predators.

The history of wildebeests is a testament to the intricate connection between animals and their environment. These resilient creatures have faced numerous challenges throughout the years, but they have persevered. By understanding and appreciating the history of wildebeests, we can work towards preserving their future and the delicate balance of the African savannahs.

Importance of Wildebeest

The wildebeest is a very important animal in the natural world. It plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. Firstly, wildebeests are herbivores, which means they eat grass and plants. By grazing on vegetation, they help control the growth of plants, preventing them from overgrowing and causing harm to other species. This also helps to maintain a healthy and diverse ecosystem.

Secondly, the wildebeest is a key food source for many predators, such as lions, hyenas, and crocodiles. These animals rely on wildebeests for their survival. If the wildebeest population decreases, it can lead to a decrease in the number of predators as well, causing an imbalance in the food chain.

Lastly, the wildebeest migration, where hundreds of thousands of wildebeests move across vast distances, is a fascinating spectacle. It not only attracts tourists from all over the world but also provides economic benefits to the local communities through tourism. This, in turn, helps to support their livelihoods and boosts the local economy.

In conclusion, the wildebeest is an important animal due to its role in maintaining ecosystems, providing food for predators, and its economic value through tourism. It is crucial to protect and conserve these animals to ensure the overall health and balance of our natural world.

Amazing Facts About Wildebeest

1. Wildebeests are large hoofed mammals that belong to the antelope family.
2. They are found in the grasslands and savannas of Africa, primarily in Tanzania and Kenya.
3. Wildebeests are known for their distinctive appearance, with a large head, slender body, and curved horns.
4. They are herbivores, which means that they only eat plants and grass.
5. Wildebeests are migratory animals, and they undertake one of the world’s greatest animal migrations in search of food and water.
6. During migration, wildebeests can form massive herds that can number in the thousands.
7. These herds offer protection against predators like lions, hyenas, and crocodiles.
8. Wildebeests are known for their incredible running speed, which can reach up to 50 miles per hour.
9. They have also adapted to having a strong sense of smell and hearing, which helps them detect danger.
10. The reproductive behavior of wildebeests involves males engaging in territorial disputes and fighting for the right to mate with females.
11. The females give birth to a single calf after a gestation period of about eight and a half months.
12. Wildebeests play a vital role in the ecosystem as they are key grazers and help maintain the balance of vegetation.
13. Their dung also serves as a valuable fertilizer that enriches the soil.
14. Wildebeests have a lifespan of around 20 years in the wild.
15. Unfortunately, wildebeests face threats like habitat loss, hunting, and disease, leading to a decline in their population numbers.

Can we keep Wildebeest as our Pet?

Keeping a wildebeest as a pet is not a good idea. First of all, wildebeests are wild animals, and they are not suitable to be kept as pets. These animals are adapted to live in the wild, with unique behaviors and needs which cannot be met in a domestic setting. They have natural instincts and behaviors that cannot be easily managed or controlled in a home environment.

Moreover, it is important to note that wildebeests are not common pets. In fact, they are native to Africa and are part of a delicate ecosystem. These animals play a vital role in maintaining the balance of their natural habitat. Unfortunately, due to various factors like habitat loss, hunting, and disease, wildebeest populations have been declining in recent years. Some species of wildebeests are even considered to be endangered or extinct.

The extinction of a species means that there are no more individuals of that animal left in the world. It is a sad situation and a loss for our planet. When a species becomes extinct, it is irreversible. Therefore, it is our responsibility to protect and preserve the remaining wildlife species and their habitats. Instead of keeping wild animals as pets, we can contribute to their conservation efforts by supporting organizations that work towards preserving their natural habitat and educating others about the importance of coexisting with wildlife.

In short, wildebeests are not suitable pets due to their wild nature and unique needs. It is essential to respect and protect these animals in their natural habitat rather than keeping them in captivity. The extinction of wildebeest species is a reminder of our responsibility to conserve and protect wildlife for future generations to enjoy and learn from.

Size of Wildebeest

The wildebeest, also known as the gnu, is a large and powerful animal that roams the vast grasslands of Africa. They are part of the antelope family and are known for their distinctive appearance. Wildebeests are quite large, with adult males weighing around 260-600 kg (570-1,300 lbs) and standing around 1.3-1.5 meters (4-5 feet) tall at the shoulder. They have a long, muscular body and strong legs that allow them to run at incredible speeds, reaching up to 80 km/h (50 mph).

These incredible creatures are herbivores, meaning they eat only plants and vegetation. Despite their large size, wildebeests have a slim and slender build, enabling them to move swiftly across the savannah. Their broad muzzle and powerful jaws allow them to graze on tough grasses, which make up the majority of their diet. Wildebeests also have a large and broad head with curved horns that sweep upwards and outwards.

Wildebeests live in large herds, often consisting of thousands of individuals. This provides them with protection from predators such as lions or hyenas. Living in groups also helps them to find food and water more easily. These animals are known for their annual migration, where they travel vast distances in search of fresh grazing grounds. This journey can span over 500 miles, and it is a remarkable sight to witness thousands of wildebeests migrating together.

In conclusion, wildebeests are large and powerful animals that inhabit the grasslands of Africa. They have a slim and muscular build, with adult males weighing around 260-600 kg (570-1,300 lbs). These herbivores move swiftly across the savannah, grazing on tough grasses with their broad muzzle and powerful jaws. Living in large herds, wildebeests find protection from predators and engage in annual migrations spanning hundreds of miles.

Habitat of Wildebeest

The habitat of wildebeests is mainly found in the grassy plains and savannahs of Africa. These large, herbivorous animals are well adapted to live in the open plains, where they can find plenty of food and water. They are often seen in large herds, grazing on the plentiful grasses that grow in these habitats.

One of the reasons wildebeests thrive in these areas is because the grasses provide them with an abundant food source. They mainly feed on grass, which is highly nutritious and helps them grow and stay healthy. These animals have strong jaws and sharp teeth that help them graze on the tough grass blades. They have also developed a specialized digestive system that allows them to break down the plant material efficiently.

Another important aspect of the wildebeests’ habitat is the availability of water. These animals need to drink water regularly and therefore, they are often found near rivers, lakes, or watering holes. Having access to water is crucial for wildebeests’ survival, especially during the dry season when water can become scarce.

In summary, wildebeests thrive in the grassy plains and savannahs of Africa. They rely on the abundance of grasses as their main food source and are well adapted to graze on these tough plants. Access to water is also essential for their survival. Wildebeests play a vital role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem, as they contribute to the nutrient cycling and serve as prey for predators like lions and hyenas.

Evolution of Wildebeest

The evolution of wildebeest began a long time ago, way before humans even existed on Earth. It all started when small animals called mammals started evolving from reptiles. These mammals adapted to live on land instead of in water, and over millions of years, they changed and became more advanced. One of these advanced mammals eventually led to the evolution of wildebeest.

As time went on, these early wildebeest-like mammals faced many changes in their environment. Some of them needed to run fast to escape from predators, while others needed to eat tough plants to survive. These challenges forced the wildebeest ancestors to adapt in various ways. They developed long legs and strong muscles to help them run swiftly, enabling them to escape from their enemies. Additionally, their body structure changed to allow them to eat tough grass, which other animals couldn’t. These adaptations gave them a better chance of survival and increased their chances of passing on their genes to their offspring.

Over the course of many generations, the wildebeest continued to evolve and became the animals we know today. Their bodies are now perfectly designed for their wildest adventures in the African savannah. Their powerful legs help them jump and dash, and their incredible senses keep them alert to any danger lurking nearby. Wildebeest adapted to their surroundings and became one of the most resilient, adaptable, and fascinating animals on our planet.

In summary, the wildebeest’s ancestors went through many changes and adaptations over millions of years. They developed faster legs and sturdy bodies to escape predators and eat tough plants. These evolutionary changes transformed them into the magnificent creatures we see today, running freely across the vast plains of Africa.

Classification of Wildebeest

The wildebeest animal belongs to the family Bovidae and the genus Connochaetes. There are two species of wildebeest: the blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and the black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou). These species have distinct features that help classify them.

The blue wildebeest, also known as the brindled gnu, is the most common type of wildebeest. It is characterized by its bluish-gray coat, white beard, and curved horns. A large herd of blue wildebeest can be seen migrating across the grasslands of Africa during the dry season. They are herbivores, meaning they eat plants and grass, and play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of their habitat.

The black wildebeest, also called white-tailed gnu, has a darker coat than the blue wildebeest, with distinctive white hairs on its tail and mane. Unlike the blue wildebeest, the black wildebeest prefers to live in open grasslands with shrubs. It has longer, straighter horns compared to the curved horns of the blue wildebeest. These horns are used as a defense mechanism when the black wildebeest feels threatened.

In summary, the wildebeest animal is classified into two species: the blue wildebeest and the black wildebeest. The blue wildebeest is known for its bluish-gray coat, white beard, and curved horns. They migrate in large herds and are vital to the ecosystem. On the other hand, the black wildebeest has a darker coat with white-tailed hair and prefers open grasslands with shrubs. It has longer, straight horns and uses them for protection. Both species are fascinating creatures that contribute to the diversity of wildlife in Africa.

Types of Wildebeest

1. Blue Wildebeest: The most common type of wildebeest, known for their distinctive grayish-blue appearance and large herds. They are herbivores and migrate long distances in search of food and water.

2. Black Wildebeest: Also known as the white-tailed gnu, these wildebeest have a dark brown or black coat and a white tail. They have a more solitary lifestyle compared to other types and are found in grasslands.

3. Brindled Wildebeest: This wildebeest has a unique coat pattern with a mix of brown and gray patches. They have curved horns and are found in the savannas of East Africa. They form large herds and migrate seasonally.

4. Cookson’s Wildebeest: Found only in the Luangwa Valley in Zambia, this wildebeest has a brownish-gray coat and slightly curved horns. They are adapted to the dense woodland areas and are known for their ability to jump high fences.

5. Nyassa Wildebeest: Endemic to the Nyaza region of East Africa, these wildebeest are characterized by their long, upturned horns and chestnut-colored coat. They form small herds and are known for their agile movements in rocky terrain.

6. Western White-Bearded Wildebeest: These wildebeest have a white beard on their chin, which is a distinguishing feature. They are found in the grasslands of West Africa and are known for their endurance in long-distance migrations.

7. Eastern White-Bearded Wildebeest: Similar to their western counterparts, these wildebeest have a white beard but are found in East Africa. They have a grayish-brown coat and migrate in large herds, often alongside zebras.

8. Hunter’s Wildebeest: With a dark grayish-brown coat and a distinctive hump on their back, these wildebeest are found in the savannas of East Africa. They have long, curved horns and migrate in search of fresh grazing areas.

9. Sanga Wildebeest: A crossbreed between a domesticated cow and a wildebeest, these hybrids can be found in certain regions of Africa. They have characteristics of both species and show variations in physical features.

10. Newboorn Wildebeest: Baby wildebeest are called calves. They have a light brown coat with faint stripes, which help them blend in with their surroundings. They are extremely vulnerable to predators, so they stay close to their mothers for protection. With time, they grow to become strong members of the wildebeest herds.

Geographical Presence of Wildebeest

The wildebeest animal, also known as the gnu, is naturally found in the African continent. These magnificent creatures roam the savannahs and grasslands of eastern and southern Africa. They can be commonly spotted in countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, and South Africa. The region that wildebeest call home is characterized by vast open plains and water sources, which provide them with the necessary resources to survive.

However, wildebeest are not found in other parts of the world beyond Africa. They have not been introduced or have naturally migrated to other continents or regions. This means that you won’t come across wildebeest in places like Europe, Asia, the Americas, or Australia. These majestic animals are exclusive to their native African habitat.

It is important to understand that the wildebeest animal has a specific ecological niche and is adapted to the unique environment of the African grasslands. This is where they have evolved and thrived for centuries, coexisting with other African wildlife such as zebras, lions, and cheetahs. Sadly, due to habitat loss and hunting, the wildebeest population has been declining in recent years, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts to protect their natural habitat and ensure their survival for future generations to appreciate and admire.

Scientific Name of Wildebeest

The scientific name for the wildebeest is Connochaetes taurinus. The wildebeest is a type of large African antelope that belongs to the genus Connochaetes and the species taurinus. These animals are known for their distinctive appearance, with a large head, long face, and curved horns. They are also known for their incredible annual migration, where millions of wildebeest travel vast distances in search of food and water.

Wildebeest are herbivores, which means they only eat plants and vegetation. They mainly graze on grasses, which are the primary source of their food. Wildebeest live in large herds, which offer protection against predators like lions and hyenas. They are also known for their excellent sense of hearing and smell, which helps them detect danger and stay alert.

The wildebeest is an important part of the African ecosystem. They play a crucial role in spreading seeds and nutrients as they move across different areas during their migration. Additionally, they provide food for predators, allowing a healthy balance in the ecosystem. Despite facing threats from habitat loss and hunting, wildebeest continue to thrive in their natural habitats, enchanting both scientists and safari-goers alike with their astonishing beauty and remarkable migrations.

Diet of Wildebeest

Wildebeest are animals that have a specific type of diet in order to survive. Their diet mainly consists of grass, which they eat as their primary source of food. Grass is important for their survival because it gives them necessary nutrients and energy.

During the dry season, wildebeest have to travel great distances in search of grass. They need to find areas where there is enough grass to eat. Sometimes, they have to travel for many miles in order to find a suitable grazing field. This is because they need to eat a lot of grass every day to stay healthy and strong.

In addition to grass, wildebeest also eat leaves and herbs when they are available. These types of food can provide them with extra vitamins and minerals. However, grass remains their main source of sustenance. They are able to digest the tough fibers found in grass through their unique digestive system, which allows them to extract nutrients effectively.

In conclusion, wildebeest primarily eat grass as their main source of food. They can travel long distances in search of enough grass to eat, especially during the dry season when it is scarce. Their ability to digest grass helps them obtain the necessary nutrients and energy to survive. They may occasionally eat leaves and herbs, but grass remains their key source of sustenance.

Locomotion of Wildebeest

Wildebeest, these magnificent creatures of the African savannah, move in a unique way called locomotion. With their long legs and strong bodies, they can cover vast distances to find food and water. As they walk, the front legs and the back legs move together on the same side, creating a graceful and steady gait.

When wildebeest start to run, their locomotion turns into a stunning spectacle. They can reach speeds of up to 50 miles per hour! Their powerful legs push them forward, and they leap into the air, making incredible jumps. This helps them navigate obstacles like rivers and rocks. The whole wildebeest herd moves as one, creating a mesmerizing sight on the African plains.

In summary, wildebeest have an incredible way of moving called locomotion. They walk with their legs moving in pairs on the same side, and when they run, their jumps and powerful strides help them overcome challenges in their environment. Observing their locomotion is an awe-inspiring experience in the wilds of Africa.

Social and Sexual Behaviour of Wildebeest

Wildebeest are animals that live together in groups called herds. They have a social behavior that involves living and moving together as a community. This helps them protect themselves from predators like lions and hyenas. In the herd, they communicate with each other using different sounds. They grunt, snort, and make other noises to stay connected. It’s like they have their own special language!

When it comes to sexual behavior, wildebeest have a unique way of finding a mate. The males attract females by showing off their strength and dominance. They fight with each other by pushing and shoving using their big horns. The one who wins the fight gets the chance to mate with the females. This is called “sexual selection”, where the strongest and fittest males get to pass on their genes to the next generation.

After mating, the female wildebeest gives birth to a single calf. The calf can stand up and walk just a few minutes after being born, which is amazing! The mothers are very protective of their young ones and keep them close to ensure their safety. While the young ones grow, they learn from the older wildebeest about how to behave socially and sexually.

In summary, wildebeest have a strong social behavior that helps them stay safe from predators. They communicate with each other using sounds and live in herds. Their sexual behavior involves competition amongst males to find a mate. The strongest male gets the chance to pass on their genes. The females give birth to calves, and the young ones learn from the adults in the group.

Reproduction and Lifecycle of Wildebeest

The wildebeest is an amazing animal that goes through a fascinating reproduction and life cycle. Just like us humans, wildebeests also have babies, or calves, as they are called. This process starts when the male wildebeest, known as a bull, competes with other bulls for the attention of the females, known as cows. The bull tries to impress the cows by showing off his big and curved horns, as well as his strong and muscular body.

Once the bull wins over a cow, they come together to mate. This usually happens during a specific time of the year known as the breeding season. After mating, the female wildebeest waits for about 8 and a half months, which is almost as long as a school year, to give birth to her calf. When the time comes, she will go off by herself or with other females to have her baby in a safe and quiet place.

When the calf is born, it is able to stand and walk within a few minutes. This is important because wildebeests are part of a big group called a herd, and they need to keep moving to find food and avoid predators. The calf relies on its mother’s milk for the first few months and then starts eating grass. As it grows, it joins the herd and learns from the older wildebeests about how to survive in the vast savannah. And so, the life cycle of the wildebeest continues, with the calves eventually reaching adulthood and starting their own families.

Threats to Wildebeest

The wildebeest animal, just like many other species, faces several threats that endanger its existence. One of the major threats to wildebeest is habitat loss. As human populations expand, they encroach upon the natural habitats of wildebeest, leading to deforestation and the destruction of grasslands. These actions reduce the available space for wildebeest to roam freely, find food, and give birth to their young.

Another significant threat to wildebeest is poaching. Poachers kill wildebeest for their meat, skin, and horns, which are highly valued in some cultures for their medicinal properties. This illegal activity not only disturbs the natural balance of the wildebeest population, but it also disrupts the entire ecosystem. By hunting these animals indiscriminately, poachers contribute to a decline in wildebeest numbers and disturb the delicate cycle of nature.

Lastly, the wildebeest faces threats from predators. Being herbivores, wildebeest must always be wary of their natural enemies, such as lions, hyenas, and crocodiles. Predators see wildebeest as a source of food, and during their yearly migration, thousands of wildebeest cross rivers, where they become vulnerable to attacks by crocodiles. These consistent threats from predators put immense pressure on the wildebeest population and can even contribute to their decline.

In conclusion, the wildebeest animal faces several threats that endanger its survival. Habitat loss, poaching, and predation are some of the major challenges that this species must overcome. It is crucial for us to take immediate action to protect the wildebeest and ensure the preservation of their natural habitat, as they play an essential role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem.

Population of Wildebeest

The population of the wildebeest, also known as the gnu, is estimated to be around 1.5 million. These magnificent animals are found in the grasslands and savannahs of Africa. They have a distinctive appearance with a large head, muscular body, and curved horns. Wildebeests are herbivores, meaning they eat only plants, and they migrate in search of fresh grass and water.

Unfortunately, the wildebeest population is currently facing threats that could lead to their extinction. Factors such as habitat loss, poaching, and climate change are putting their survival at risk. As their natural habitats are converted for human use, the wildebeest struggle to find suitable areas to graze and breed. Additionally, the illegal hunting of these animals for their meat and hides has also had a significant impact on their numbers.

If the wildebeest were to become extinct, it would be a tragic loss to the biodiversity of the African ecosystems. The disappearance of these creatures would disrupt the food chain, affecting other species that rely on them for food. It is crucial for us to increase conservation efforts, protect their habitats, and raise awareness about the importance of preserving the wildebeest population.

Conclusion

Wildebeest, also known as gnus, are fascinating animals that have a rich history dating back thousands of years. These majestic creatures can be found in the grasslands and savannas of Africa, where they have thrived for centuries. They belong to the antelope family and are known for their unique physical features, such as their large, muscular bodies, long horns, and distinctive hump-shaped shoulders.

One interesting fact about wildebeest is their incredible annual migration, often considered one of the most spectacular wildlife events on Earth. Every year, millions of wildebeest embark on a journey in search of greener pastures, covering vast distances across East Africa. This mass movement attracts numerous predators, making it a thrilling sight for both scientists and animal enthusiasts alike.

In conclusion, wildebeest are remarkable creatures that play a crucial role in the ecosystem of the African grasslands. Their historical significance, impressive size, and ability to adapt to different habitats make them a prime example of the diversity found in the animal kingdom. By learning about and appreciating animals like wildebeest, we can gain a deeper understanding of the natural world around us and the importance of preserving these magnificent creatures for future generations.

Frequently Asked Questions about Wildebeest (FAQ’s)

Q: What is a wildebeest?
A: A wildebeest is a large African antelope species.

Q: What is the scientific name for a wildebeest?
A: The scientific name for a wildebeest is Connochaetes.

Q: Are wildebeests herbivores?
A: Yes, wildebeests are herbivores, primarily feeding on grasses and other vegetation.

Q: Where do wildebeests live?
A: Wildebeests can be found in various parts of Africa, particularly in grasslands and savannas.

Q: Do wildebeests migrate?
A: Yes, wildebeests are known for their annual long-distance migrations in search of food and water.

Q: What is the average lifespan of a wildebeest?
A: The average lifespan of a wildebeest in the wild is around 20 years.

Q: How fast can a wildebeest run?
A: Wildebeests can reach speeds of up to 50 miles per hour when running.

Q: Are wildebeests social animals?
A: Yes, wildebeests are highly social animals, typically forming large herds.

Q: Do wildebeests have any predators?
A: Yes, wildebeests are preyed upon by large carnivores such as lions, hyenas, and crocodiles.

Q: Can wildebeests swim?
A: Yes, wildebeests are capable swimmers and often need to swim across rivers during their migrations.

Q: How do male wildebeests establish dominance?
A: Male wildebeests establish dominance through displays of strength and agility, such as neck wrestling.

Q: Are wildebeests endangered?
A: No, wildebeests are not considered endangered; their population is stable.

Q: Can wildebeests interbreed with other species?
A: No, wildebeests cannot interbreed with other species, as they are only closely related to other antelope species.

Q: How do wildebeests communicate?
A: Wildebeests communicate using vocalizations, such as grunts and snorts, as well as visual displays.

Q: Do wildebeest calves have any predators?
A: Yes, wildebeest calves are vulnerable to predation, and they often become targets for large carnivores.

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