Barnevelder chickens are a fascinating breed known for their rich history, unique characteristics, and charming appearance. Originally from the Dutch town of Barneveld, these chickens were first bred in the early 20th century for their superior egg-laying abilities and striking plumage. The Barnevelder has become a well-loved staple on both farms and in backyard coops around the world.
In terms of size, Barnevelders are classified as medium-large birds. The hens can weigh between 6 to 7 pounds, while the roosters can reach a weight of 7 to 8 pounds. One of the most notable features of these chickens is their distinct double-laced feather pattern, which adds elegance to their overall look. They come in various colors, including double-laced, blue, and black.
As for their habitat, Barnevelders are adaptable birds that can thrive in various climates, making them suitable for many regions. Whether it’s in the cold weather of Europe or the heat of the American Midwest, these chickens are known for their resilience and ability to adjust to different environmental conditions.
Overall, Barnevelder chickens are a valuable addition to any flock. Their history, distinct size, and versatile habitat are just a few reasons why they are highly preferred by poultry enthusiasts worldwide. With their striking appearance and excellent egg-laying capabilities, the Barnevelder is truly a beloved breed within the fascinating world of animals.
History of Barnevelder
The history of the Barnevelder animal can be traced back to the early 1900s in the small village of Barneveld, located in the Netherlands. During this time, a group of Dutch poultry farmers set out to create a breed of chicken that would be not only beautiful, but also highly productive. They wanted a bird that could lay a large number of eggs while also providing a good source of meat.
To create this new breed, the farmers crossed a number of different chicken varieties, including the Dorking, Asiatic, and Langshan breeds. They carefully selected the best characteristics from each breed, such as the Dorking’s meat quality and the Langshan’s ability to lay a good number of eggs. After many years of careful breeding, they succeeded in developing the Barnevelder.
The Barnevelder quickly gained popularity among farmers and chicken enthusiasts due to its many desirable traits. The breed was known for its beautiful plumage, which featured striking shades of brown and black. Not only were Barnevelders aesthetically pleasing, but they also proved to be excellent layers, producing a good number of large brown eggs.
Today, the Barnevelder remains a popular breed of chicken around the world. It is admired for its attractive appearance and reliable egg-laying abilities. The breed’s history serves as a testament to the hard work and dedication of the Dutch farmers who created it, and their efforts continue to be appreciated by poultry enthusiasts everywhere.
Importance of Barnevelder
The Barnevelder animal is very important for various reasons. Firstly, it is known for its ability to lay a good amount of eggs. This means that it can contribute to the production of food for people. Eggs are a great source of nutrition and having a high egg-laying animal like the Barnevelder can help to meet the demands for eggs in the market.
Secondly, the Barnevelder is a sturdy and resilient animal. It is able to adapt to various climates and conditions, making it suitable for different environments. This is important because it means that the Barnevelder can be raised in different parts of the world, which can help to diversify the poultry industry.
Lastly, the Barnevelder is also a good meat-producing animal. It has a good body size and weight, making it suitable for meat production. This is important as it adds to the variety of meat options available for people to consume.
In summary, the Barnevelder animal is important because it lays a good amount of eggs, can adapt to different environments, and is suitable for meat production. These qualities make it valuable in contributing to the production of food and meeting the demands of the market, while also providing a good source of nutrition for people.
Amazing Facts About Barnevelder
1. The Barnevelder is a breed of chicken that originated in the Netherlands.
2. It is known for its beautiful and distinctive double-laced feather pattern, which can come in various colors such as black, blue, silver, and brown.
3. Barnevelders are medium-sized chickens with a sturdy build and a docile temperament.
4. They are very popular among backyard chicken keepers due to their ability to lay a good number of brown eggs.
5. Their eggs are known for their large size and rich, deep brown color.
6. Barnevelders are active birds that enjoy foraging and exploring their surroundings.
7. They tolerate cold weather quite well, making them suitable for regions with colder climates.
8. These chickens have a calm and friendly demeanor, making them easy to handle and ideal for families with children.
9. They can be raised in both rural and urban settings as long as they have access to a secure coop and outdoor space.
10. Barnevelders are relatively low maintenance birds and require regular feeding, access to fresh water, and a clean living environment.
11. They are known to be good foragers and can find a significant portion of their food by searching for insects and plants in their surroundings.
12. Barnevelders have a soft clucking sound that is both pleasant and unobtrusive.
13. They generally have a longer lifespan compared to other chicken breeds, living up to 8 to 10 years with proper care.
14. Barnevelders are known for being broody, which means they have a tendency to sit on their eggs and hatch them into chicks.
15. Overall, Barnevelders are beloved for their beauty, egg-laying abilities, and friendly nature, making them a popular choice among chicken enthusiasts.
Can we keep Barnevelder as our Pet?
Barnevelder animals are a breed of chickens that are often kept as pets. These chickens are known for their beautiful feathers, friendly personalities, and ability to lay eggs. They can make great companions for families who have enough space in their backyard and are willing to provide them with proper care. However, it is important to note that Barnevelder chickens may not be suitable for everyone.
Firstly, Barnevelders require a certain amount of space to roam around. They enjoy scratching the ground and exploring their surroundings, so it is essential to have a secure and spacious backyard for them. Additionally, they need appropriate shelter and protection from predators such as foxes and hawks. As long as these needs are met, Barnevelders can thrive and provide plenty of joy and eggs for their owners.
Unfortunately, there is a sad truth we must acknowledge. The extinction of animals like Barnevelder can be a heartbreaking occurrence. The loss of a species can happen due to various reasons, such as habitat destruction, pollution, or overhunting. In the case of Barnevelders, if they were to become extinct, it would be impossible for anyone to keep them as pets anymore. Extinction means the complete disappearance of a species from the Earth, and it is our responsibility to protect and preserve the animals that still exist.
In conclusion, Barnevelder animals can make lovely pets for those who have the means to meet their needs. However, it is crucial to remember that not all animals are suitable as pets, and it is our duty to protect endangered species from extinction. By understanding the importance of conservation and taking action to preserve our wildlife, we can ensure that future generations can also enjoy the beauty and diversity of these incredible creatures.
Size of Barnevelder
The Barnevelder is a breed of chicken known for its moderate size. It is not too big or too small, but just right! On average, Barnevelders can weigh between 6 to 7 pounds (2.7 to 3.2 kilograms) for hens and around 7.5 to 9 pounds (3.4 to 4.1 kilograms) for roosters. This makes them a medium-sized breed when compared to other chicken varieties.
When we look at a Barnevelder, we can see that it has a compact body with a well-rounded shape. Their feathers are tightly held, giving them a neat appearance. The hens generally have a plump and sturdy figure, while the roosters tend to have a more stocky and robust physique. Their legs are of medium length and are well-muscled, allowing them to walk around comfortably.
Although Barnevelders are not the largest chickens, they are still quite strong and hardy. Their size makes them suitable for various environments, including backyard farms and urban settings. They are not too heavy to cause difficulties in mobility, but not too small to run into issues with health or egg production. Being medium-sized, they are also easier for caretakers to handle and manage.
In summary, the Barnevelder is a chicken breed that comes in a moderate and ideal size. They are not too big or small, making them a versatile choice for chicken enthusiasts. Their size allows them to be adaptable to different living conditions and easier to care for. So, whether you have a small backyard or a larger space, the Barnevelder is a great option for a charming and manageable chicken breed.
Habitat of Barnevelder
Barnevelder animals are usually found in cozy and comfortable habitats that provide them with all their basic needs. These animals prefer to live in peaceful rural areas rather than bustling cities. They thrive in places with ample space to roam around freely, such as farms and backyard poultry setups.
The habitat of Barnevelder animals consists of a secure and well-structured shelter. It is important for them to have a safe place to rest, stay protected from predators, and find shelter during extreme weather conditions. The shelter should have proper ventilation and be spacious enough to accommodate all the Barnevelders comfortably.
Additionally, Barnevelders require an outdoor space where they can freely roam, scratch the ground, and forage for insects and vegetation. This space should be fenced or secure to prevent the animals from wandering off or becoming prey to predators. The outdoor area also allows them to enjoy natural sunlight and fresh air, which is essential for their overall health and well-being.
Furthermore, the habitat of Barnevelder animals should have a constant supply of clean water and nutritious food. These animals require a balanced diet consisting of grains, vegetables, fruits, and protein sources like worms or insects. Access to fresh water for drinking and bathing is crucial to keep them hydrated and maintain proper hygiene.
In conclusion, the habitat of Barnevelder animals includes a secure shelter, spacious outdoor area, and a constant supply of food and water. These animals thrive in peaceful rural environments and require a safe and comfortable space to live.
Evolution of Barnevelder
The Barnevelder animal has gone through a series of changes over time, just like many other animals. In the beginning, their ancestors were wild birds who lived in the forests. These birds had long, strong legs to help them run fast and fly high to escape from predators. They also had sharp beaks to catch insects and worms for food.
As the years passed, some of these birds started to live near farms and villages. They discovered that they could find plenty of grains and scraps of food there. So, they began to adapt to this new environment. Their legs became shorter and stronger, making it easier for them to walk on the ground and scratch the soil for food. Their beaks changed too, becoming shorter and sturdier, which helped them eat a wider range of foods.
Over time, the descendants of these birds became what we now know as the Barnevelder animal. They have beautiful feathers with a unique pattern, which helped them hide from predators in the forest. They are also known for laying large brown eggs, making them very popular among farmers. So, from being wild forest birds to domesticated farm animals, the Barnevelder animals have made quite a journey through evolution, adapting themselves to different environments and becoming valuable members of our farms.
Classification of Barnevelder
The Barnevelder is a type of animal called a chicken. Chickens are classified as birds and belong to the family called Phasianidae. They are domesticated birds, meaning they have been bred and raised by humans for thousands of years. Chickens are known for their ability to provide eggs and meat, and they are also kept as pets in some households.
Within the chicken family, Barnevelder chickens have their own specific classification. They are a breed of chicken that originated in the Netherlands, specifically in the town of Barneveld. Barnevelders are known for their dark brown feathers, which help them blend well with their surroundings. They are also known to be good egg layers, providing a steady supply of eggs for their owners.
Barnevelders are further classified based on their physical characteristics. They are a medium-sized breed, with males weighing around 7-8 pounds and females weighing around 5-6 pounds. They have a distinct appearance with a single red comb on their heads and wattles hanging from their chin. One interesting feature of Barnevelder chickens is that their eyes have a striking reddish-brown color.
In conclusion, the Barnevelder chicken is a specific breed that belongs to the larger category of birds called chickens. They are known for their dark brown feathers, good egg-laying abilities, and distinctive appearance. These medium-sized chickens come from the Netherlands and have unique reddish-brown eyes. Barnevelders are popular among chicken keepers for both their utility and their attractive features.
Types of Barnevelder
1. Barnevelder Chickens:
– Barnevelder chickens are a popular type of bird that are known for their brown eggs and friendly nature.
– They are medium-sized chickens with beautiful feathers that come in various color patterns.
– Barnevelders are easy to care for and make great pets for families with children.
2. Barnevelder Cows:
– Barnevelder cows are a breed of cattle that originated in the Netherlands.
– They are known for their docile temperament and high milk production.
– These cows have a distinctive black or brown coat with white spots, making them a visually appealing addition to any farm.
3. Barnevelder Horses:
– Barnevelder horses are a rare breed that originated in the Netherlands.
– They are known for their strong build and easy-going nature, making them suitable for a variety of equestrian activities.
– These horses have a unique black or brown coat with a long, flowing mane and tail.
4. Barnevelder Pigs:
– Barnevelder pigs are a heritage breed known for their exceptional meat quality.
– They have a compact and muscular build with a black or dark brown coat.
– These pigs are intelligent and easy to raise, making them a preferred choice for small-scale farmers.
5. Barnevelder Rabbits:
– Barnevelder rabbits are a breed known for their distinct markings and friendly demeanor.
– They have a medium-sized body with fur that comes in various colors, including black, blue, and brown.
– Barnevelder rabbits make great pets and are relatively easy to care for.
6. Barnevelder Sheep:
– Barnevelder sheep are a breed of sheep that originated in the Netherlands.
– They have a medium-sized body with a dense wool coat that provides excellent insulation.
– These sheep are known for their adaptability and are well-suited for a variety of climates.
7. Barnevelder Goats:
– Barnevelder goats are a breed known for their milk production and hardiness.
– They have a medium-sized body with a thick, double coat that allows them to thrive in cold climates.
– These goats are also valued for their friendly and playful nature.
8. Barnevelder Fish:
– Barnevelder fish are a popular type of ornamental fish that are known for their striking appearance.
– They have a vibrant coloration with shades of blue, black, and red.
– Barnevelder fish are relatively easy to care for and make a visually pleasing addition to home aquariums.
9. Barnevelder Dogs:
– Barnevelder dogs are a breed known for their loyalty and protective nature.
– They have a medium-sized body with a muscular build and a thick, weather-resistant coat.
– These dogs are intelligent and excel in various roles, including guarding, herding, and search and rescue.
10. Barnevelder Cats:
– Barnevelder cats are a breed known for their striking appearance and playful nature.
– They have a medium-sized body with a silky coat that comes in various colors, including black, brown, and tabby.
– These cats make great companions and are known for their affectionate and social behavior.
Geographical Presence of Barnevelder
The Barnevelder animal is found in the region of Barneveld, which is located in the central part of the Netherlands. This region is known for its lush green fields and agricultural activities. The Barnevelder chicken, which is a popular breed of this animal, is characterized by its beautiful dark brown feathers and friendly nature. They are often kept by farmers for their eggs and meat.
Barnevelders are not found in other regions of the world, as they are specific to the Barneveld region of the Netherlands. They have not been widely exported or bred in other parts of the world. This makes them quite unique and special to the people living in and around Barneveld. People from different parts of the world may not have heard of or seen a Barnevelder animal before.
In conclusion, the Barnevelder animal is found in the region of Barneveld in the Netherlands. This region is known for its agricultural activities and is home to the popular Barnevelder chicken breed. These animals are not found in other regions of the world, making them unique to the Barneveld region.
Scientific Name of Barnevelder
The scientific name for the Barnevelder chicken is Gallus gallus domesticus. The Barnevelder is a breed of chicken that originated in the Netherlands in the early 20th century. It is known for its beautiful brown feathers and friendly nature. These chickens are medium-sized and have a stout build. They are particularly popular among backyard poultry enthusiasts because of their ability to lay a good number of brown eggs.
Gallus gallus domesticus is the scientific name used to classify all domestic chickens, including the Barnevelder breed. The first part of the name, Gallus gallus, refers to the genus and species of the animal, while the second part, domesticus, indicates that it is a domesticated variant of the species.
The Barnevelder chicken, or Gallus gallus domesticus, is not only loved for its attractive appearance but also for its ability to provide eggs for households. It is a hardy breed that adapts well to different climates and can lay approximately 180-200 eggs per year. These characteristics make the Barnevelder a popular choice for those who want a productive and aesthetically pleasing addition to their backyard or farm.
Diet of Barnevelder
The Barnevelder animal has a special diet that helps them stay healthy and strong. They eat a variety of foods to get all the nutrients they need. Their main diet consists of grains like corn and wheat, which give them energy. They also eat vegetables like lettuce and carrots, which provide vitamins and minerals.
In addition to grains and vegetables, the Barnevelder animal needs protein to grow and repair their body tissues. They get protein from sources like insects and worms that they find in the soil. This helps them to stay strong and active. They also drink water to keep themselves hydrated, just like humans do.
It is important to provide a balanced diet to the Barnevelder animal to ensure their good health. They need a mix of grains, vegetables, and protein sources in their diet. This helps them to get all the necessary nutrients. It’s also a good idea to make sure they have access to fresh and clean water at all times.
In summary, the Barnevelder animal has a diet that includes grains, vegetables, and protein sources like insects. They need all these foods to stay healthy and strong. Providing them with a balanced diet and clean water is essential for their well-being.
Locomotion of Barnevelder
The Barnevelder animal has a special way of moving called locomotion. Locomotion means how an animal moves around. Barnevelders have strong legs that help them walk, run, and even fly short distances.
When Barnevelders walk, they use their legs to take small steps. Their feet touch the ground one at a time, moving forward with a steady rhythm. This helps them explore their surroundings and find food. If they need to run away from danger, Barnevelders can move quickly with their legs, escaping from harm.
Sometimes Barnevelders even get the chance to fly a little bit. They have wings that can carry them off the ground for short distances. This helps them jump over obstacles or reach high places to roost or rest. Their wings are not strong enough for long flights, but they still give these animals extra flexibility and freedom to move around. With their special locomotion, Barnevelders can move in different ways to stay safe and find what they need in their environment.
Social and Sexual Behaviour of Barnevelder
The Barnevelder animal has interesting social and sexual behavior. In their social groups, they like to be together and communicate with each other. They form strong bonds and show care and protection towards their fellow Barnevelders. They enjoy spending time with each other, whether it’s foraging for food or just hanging out.
When it comes to sexual behavior, the Barnevelder males have a special way to impress the females. They show off their beautiful feathers and make special noises to get the attention of the females. Sometimes they even perform fancy dances! The females get to choose the males they like the most. Once they have found a suitable mate, they mate for life.
In conclusion, the Barnevelder animal is social and has interesting ways to find their mates. They enjoy being in groups and like to communicate with each other. The males put on a show to attract females, who ultimately decide which male they want to be with. These behaviors are fascinating to watch and show how animals interact with each other in their own unique ways.
Reproduction and Lifecycle of Barnevelder
The Barnevelder animal has a fascinating life cycle. Let’s explore how they reproduce and grow!
First, let’s understand how Barnevelders reproduce. Just like many other animals, they have two genders, male and female. Males have special parts called testicles, and females have a special part called the ovary. When the time is right, the male and female Barnevelders come together to mate. During mating, the male’s sperm meets the female’s egg, which fertilizes it. This fertilized egg then moves to the female’s body, where it will develop into a baby Barnevelder.
Once the egg is inside the female Barnevelder, it takes around 21 days for it to hatch. During this time, the female takes care of the egg by keeping it warm and safe in a special nest. When the egg is ready to hatch, the baby Barnevelder pecks its way out of the shell. This is called hatching. The young Barnevelder then emerges, covered in soft feathers. It is very small and can’t do much on its own.
As the baby Barnevelder grows, it needs a lot of care and attention. The mother Barnevelder watches over her babies, teaching them how to find food and stay safe. The young Barnevelders start with a diet of special food called chick feed. As they get older and stronger, they learn to eat other foods like grains and insects. With time, they grow bigger, and their feathers become more colorful. Finally, they become adults and are ready to reproduce, starting the cycle all over again.
In summary, Barnevelders reproduce when a male and a female mate, and the female carries and hatches the fertilized eggs. The baby Barnevelders need their mother’s help until they are old enough to take care of themselves. It is beautiful to see how these animals grow and develop into adult Barnevelders, ready to continue the life cycle.
Threats to Barnevelder
Barnevelder animals are facing several threats that put their survival at risk. One of the main threats is habitat loss. As the human population grows, more land is needed for agriculture, infrastructure, and housing. This leads to deforestation and destruction of the natural habitats where Barnevelder animals live. Without a suitable habitat, these animals struggle to find food, nest, and reproduce, which could result in a decline in their population.
Another threat to Barnevelders is pollution. Human activities such as industrial processes, agriculture, and improper waste disposal release harmful substances into the environment. Polluted air, water, and soil can have damaging effects on the health and well-being of Barnevelder animals. It can contaminate their food sources, affect their reproductive systems, and weaken their immune systems, making them more susceptible to diseases.
Lastly, Barnevelders are also facing the threat of predation. Natural predators such as foxes, rats, and birds of prey hunt and prey upon these animals, which can limit their numbers. Additionally, the presence of invasive species can further exacerbate the threat of predation. When introduced to new ecosystems, these species can disrupt the natural balance and harm the local wildlife, including Barnevelders.
To protect the Barnevelder animals, it is important to address these threats. Conservation efforts should focus on preserving and restoring their natural habitats, implementing stricter pollution control measures, and managing predator populations. Raising awareness among communities and promoting sustainable practices can also make a significant difference in ensuring the survival of the Barnevelder animals for future generations to enjoy.
Population of Barnevelder
The population of the Barnevelder animal is not very clear, but it is assumed that there are not very many left in the world. Some experts estimate that there could be anywhere from a few thousand to a few hundred Barnevelders remaining. This is a very low number compared to other animals, which puts the Barnevelder at risk of becoming extinct in the future.
If the Barnevelder does go extinct, it means that there will be no more of these animals left on Earth. This is a sad thing because each animal plays an important role in the ecosystem and losing one can have a big impact. It is important for us to protect and conserve animals like the Barnevelder to prevent their extinction.
It is not fully understood why the population of Barnevelders is declining, but some reasons could include habitat loss, pollution, and disease. The Barnevelder is a unique and beautiful animal, and losing it would be a loss for the world’s biodiversity. It is up to us to take care of our environment and ensure that animals like the Barnevelder have a future.
Conclusion
To sum up, the Barnevelder is a remarkable chicken breed that has a rich history and interesting facts. These animals have been around for hundreds of years, originating in the Netherlands. They are known for their beautiful brown eggs, which are a favorite among chicken enthusiasts.
Barnevelders come in different sizes, but they generally have a medium or large build. Their feathers are distinctive, with a double-laced pattern that adds to their charm. You can find them in a variety of habitats, as they adapt well to different climates and environments. These chickens are known for being hardy and capable of withstanding cold temperatures.
In terms of classification, Barnevelders fall under the category of domesticated chickens. They are bred for their eggs and are popular for backyard flocks. Their calm and friendly nature makes them great pets as well. It’s important to note that while Barnevelders are a wonderful addition to any chicken enthusiast’s flock, they require proper care, such as a suitable coop and a balanced diet of grains and vegetables.
In conclusion, Barnevelders are fascinating creatures with a long history and unique characteristics. They offer beautiful brown eggs and make lovely pets. Their ability to adapt to different habitats and their friendly nature are some of the reasons why they are cherished by chicken enthusiasts. So if you’re considering raising chickens, the Barnevelder should definitely be on your list of animals to consider.
Frequently Asked Questions about Barnevelder (FAQ’s)
Q: What is a Barnevelder animal?
A: A Barnevelder animal is a breed of chicken originating from the Netherlands.
Q: What does a Barnevelder animal look like?
A: Barnevelders are medium-sized chickens with a compact body, lustrous feathers, and a unique double-laced pattern.
Q: Are Barnevelders good egg layers?
A: Yes, Barnevelders are known for being good egg layers, particularly during their first year of production.
Q: How many eggs can a Barnevelder lay in a year?
A: On average, a Barnevelder can lay around 180-200 brown-colored eggs per year.
Q: Do Barnevelders require any special care?
A: Barnevelders are relatively low-maintenance, but like any breed, they require proper nutrition, regular health checks, and suitable living conditions.
Q: Are Barnevelders suitable for backyard chicken keeping?
A: Absolutely! Barnevelders adapt well to both rural and urban environments, making them great for backyard chicken enthusiasts.
Q: What is the temperament of a Barnevelder animal?
A: Barnevelders are typically docile, friendly, and calm in nature, making them ideal for families and beginners.
Q: Do Barnevelders get along well with other chicken breeds?
A: Yes, Barnevelders are known to be sociable and generally get along well with other chicken breeds.
Q: Are Barnevelders known for broodiness?
A: Yes, Barnevelders have a tendency to be broody and make excellent mothers.
Q: What type of climate do Barnevelders prefer?
A: Barnevelders can adapt to various climates, but they do best in moderate climates with enough shade and protection from extreme temperatures.
Q: Are Barnevelders suitable for meat production?
A: While Barnevelders are primarily bred for egg production, their meat is also considered of good quality.
Q: How long do Barnevelders typically live?
A: With proper care, Barnevelders can live anywhere between 6 to 10 years.
Q: Are Barnevelders active foragers?
A: Yes, Barnevelders enjoy foraging and can be good at finding their own food, but providing a balanced diet is still necessary.
Q: What colors are available in the Barnevelder breed?
A: Barnevelders come in various color varieties, including black, blue, silver, and double-laced.
Q: Can Barnevelders be kept for ornamental purposes?
A: Yes, many people keep Barnevelders as ornamental chickens due to their attractive appearance and unique coloring.
Hi there! I’m Morgan Gutierrez, and I love animals! I work as a Seasonal Animal Care Specialist at Brookfield Zoo and also teach people about animals, which is super fun. I studied at Valparaiso University in Lockport, Illinois, where I learned even more about these amazing creatures.
I’m not just about taking care of animals; I write articles about them, too! I explore and share many interesting animal stories, from cute kittens to giant elephants.
In the past, I’ve worked with veterinarians, helped with research, and even been an Animal Ambassador, bringing animals closer to people. Animals are my passion, and I enjoy helping others learn about them. So, if you ever want to know about animals, feel free to ask. I’ll explain it in a way that’s easy to understand, just like talking to a friend!
