Ceratopsian: History, Facts, Size, Habitat, Classification & Much More

By Morgan Gutierrez

In the fascinating world of extinct animals, one group that never fails to capture our imagination is the Ceratopsians. These incredible creatures walked the Earth millions of years ago and left behind a rich history that continues to astound us. This blog post aims to delve into the captivating story of the Ceratopsians, shedding light on their facts, size, habitat, and classification.

Ceratopsians were a group of herbivorous dinosaurs that thrived during the late Cretaceous period. They were known for their horned faces, frilled necks, and large bodies, making them easily recognizable. One of the most famous Ceratopsians is the Triceratops, which sported three horns and a sturdy frill that protected its neck.

These majestic animals used to roam vast regions of North America and Asia. Their habitats varied, ranging from open grasslands to forested areas. Their ability to adapt to different environments contributed to their survival and dominance during their time.

When it comes to classification, Ceratopsians belong to the larger group of dinosaurs known as ornithischians. Within this group, they are further categorized into various subfamilies and genera, each with its unique traits and characteristics.

As you can see, the world of Ceratopsians is full of wonders waiting to be discovered. Stay tuned for more exciting articles on extinct animals, as we already have an article on 155+ Animals Name, so you can dive even deeper into the incredible diversity that once existed on our planet.

History of Ceratopsian

The Ceratopsians were a group of dinosaurs that lived during the Late Cretaceous period, which was about 84-66 million years ago. They were known for their unique appearance, with a large beak-like structure at the front of their skulls and a frill or shield-like structure at the back. These features made them look similar to mythical creatures like dragons.

These animals were herbivores, which means they only ate plants. They had a variety of different teeth that helped them to chew through tough plant material. Some Ceratopsians were small and nimble, while others were the size of a bus! The largest of them all was the Triceratops, which could grow up to 30 feet long and weigh over 12 tons.

Ceratopsians were also known for their horns. Some had only one horn on their nose, while others had multiple horns on their frill. It is believed that these horns were used for display purposes, to attract mates or to intimidate rivals. The frill on their head may have also served a similar function, as well as providing protection for their neck and shoulders.

In conclusion, the Ceratopsians were a group of unique and fascinating dinosaurs that roamed the Earth millions of years ago. Their distinctive features, such as the beak-like structure and horns, made them stand out among other dinosaurs. Their herbivorous diet and large size allowed them to thrive in the ecosystem of the Late Cretaceous period. Although they are now extinct, their remains continue to amaze and educate scientists and dinosaur enthusiasts alike.

Importance of Ceratopsian

Ceratopsian animals are very important because they tell us a lot about the Earth’s history and how dinosaurs lived long ago. They were a kind of dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period, which was around 66 to 100 million years ago. These animals were unique because they had a horned face and a bony frill on the back of their head.

One reason why Ceratopsians are important is because they help scientists learn about the different types of dinosaurs that lived in the past. By studying their fossils, scientists can understand how they looked, moved, and behaved. This knowledge is important for us to understand the diversity of life on Earth and how it has changed over time.

Ceratopsians also played an important role in the ecosystems they lived in. They were herbivores, which means they only ate plants. By eating plants, they helped keep the balance in nature by controlling the growth of vegetation and preventing overgrowth. They also provided food for other dinosaurs and predators, which helped maintain the food chain in their environments.

In conclusion, Ceratopsians are important because they provide valuable information about dinosaurs and their history. They have helped scientists understand the Earth’s past and how different species lived together. Additionally, they played a significant role in the ecosystems by controlling vegetation growth and serving as a food source for other animals.

Amazing Facts About Ceratopsian

1. Ceratopsians were a group of herbivorous dinosaurs that lived during the Late Cretaceous Period, around 65 to 66 million years ago.
2. They were known for their unique and elaborate skulls, which often featured horns and frills.
3. The name “ceratopsian” means “horned face” in Greek, reflecting their distinct facial features.
4. These dinosaurs ranged in size from small to very large, with some species reaching up to 20 feet in length and weighing several tons.
5. Ceratopsians were primarily quadrupedal, meaning they walked on all four legs, but some species may have been capable of bipedal locomotion.
6. They had a beak-like mouth, which they used to bite and slice through vegetation.
7. Many ceratopsians possessed large horns on their heads, which could be used for defense or for display during mating rituals.
8. The most famous and well-known member of the ceratopsian group is the Triceratops, which had three distinctive horns on its skull and a large frill.
9. Some ceratopsians had frills, which were large bony structures protruding from the back of their skulls.
10. These frills possibly provided protection, regulated body temperature, or played a role in attracting mates.
11. Ceratopsians had a relatively large brain compared to other dinosaurs, which may have contributed to their ability to adapt to changes in their environment.
12. They were believed to have lived in herds, as fossils have been found in groups and their anatomy suggests social behavior.
13. The diet of ceratopsians mainly consisted of plants such as ferns, cycads, and other low-lying vegetation.
14. Although predominantly herbivorous, some species may have occasionally consumed small animals or insects.
15. Like many other dinosaur groups, ceratopsians became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous Period, possibly due to a combination of climate change and the impact of a large asteroid or comet.

Can we keep Ceratopsian as our Pet?

Ceratopsian animals were fascinating creatures that lived long ago, during the time of the dinosaurs. They had unique features, such as a bony frill and horns on their heads. Unfortunately, these amazing animals are now extinct, which means they no longer exist in our world. This extinction happened millions of years ago, and we cannot keep them as pets because there are none left.

You may wonder why Ceratopsians are not around anymore. Well, scientists believe that changes in the Earth’s environment, such as climate change and the arrival of new predators, played a part in their extinction. These changes made it difficult for Ceratopsians to survive and find food. Over time, their population decreased until eventually, there were no more of them left.

It’s important to remember that we should never try to keep extinct animals as pets. Just like we wouldn’t try to keep a dinosaur as a pet, it’s not possible to have a Ceratopsian as a pet either. We should respect the natural order of things and appreciate these magnificent creatures through books, documentaries, and museums, where we can learn all about them and see their remains. This way, we can still admire their uniqueness and understand why it’s important to protect the animals that are alive today.

Size of Ceratopsian

Ceratopsian animals were a group of large and fascinating dinosaurs. They roamed the Earth millions of years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. These animals were known for their distinctive feature – a large bony frill and horns on their head.

One of the most famous and largest ceratopsians is the Triceratops. It was about 30 feet long and stood around 10 feet tall at its shoulder. It had a big frill around its neck and three large horns on its face. Its size and weight were similar to that of a school bus! Imagine seeing such a massive creature in real life!

Another well-known ceratopsian is the Styracosaurus. It was slightly smaller than the Triceratops, measuring about 20 feet long. However, it also had a frill and horns and a unique feature – six long spikes sticking out from its neck frill. These spikes probably helped protect the dinosaur from predators.

It’s amazing to think about the size of these ceratopsian animals. They were truly giants of their time. Today, we can only see their remains in museums, but learning about them helps us understand the diverse creatures that used to live on our planet. Isn’t it fascinating to know that dinosaurs like Triceratops and Styracosaurus once walked the Earth, and they were much bigger than any animals we have today?

Habitat of Ceratopsian

Ceratopsian animals lived a long time ago during the late Cretaceous period, which was about 65 to 66 million years ago. These fascinating creatures inhabited the regions of North America and Asia. They were herbivores, meaning they only ate plants. Their habitat was made up of vast plains, lush forests, and the edges of ancient rivers.

Ceratopsians preferred to live in areas with plenty of vegetation. Their large size allowed them to eat lots of plants each day to meet their energy needs. They roamed around in herds, moving from one area to another in search of food and water. These animals needed a lot of space to live comfortably, so their habitat would often cover a large area.

The diverse landscape of their habitat provided different types of plants for them to eat. Ceratopsians could be found in areas with tall trees, shrubs, and various types of grasses. They enjoyed feeding on low-lying plants, as well as reaching up to eat leaves from trees. They could also graze on the grasslands where they could find tasty plants growing close to the ground.

In summary, ceratopsian animals lived in the late Cretaceous period, around 65 to 66 million years ago. They inhabited the regions of North America and Asia. These herbivorous creatures roamed in herds and their habitat consisted of vast plains, lush forests, and the edges of ancient rivers. They enjoyed eating plants found in their diverse habitat, including those growing on trees, low-lying plants, and grasslands.

Evolution of Ceratopsian

Ceratopsian animals were a fascinating group of herbivorous dinosaurs that lived millions of years ago. These creatures evolved over time and went through significant changes. At first, they were small, bipedal dinosaurs that lived in the Cretaceous period. They had small frills and no horns on their heads.

As time went on, ceratopsians started to grow larger and more diverse. Some developed the ability to walk on all fours and had longer frills on their heads. These frills were useful for display and protection. They also started to grow small bumps or knobs on their snouts.

In the later stages of their evolution, ceratopsians became even more impressive. They grew to be some of the largest land animals of their time. Their frills grew even larger, showcasing intricate patterns. They also developed amazing horns on their heads, which varied in size and shape depending on the species. These horns were likely used for defense against predators and for intraspecies combat during mating season.

In conclusion, ceratopsians went through a remarkable evolution. From small, frill-less dinosaurs, they grew into large and impressive creatures with unique head adornments. Their evolution shows how these dinosaurs adapted and developed over time to survive and thrive in their environments. Studying their fossils helps us understand the diverse and awe-inspiring world of dinosaurs.

Classification of Ceratopsian

Ceratopsian animals are a group of herbivorous dinosaurs that lived during the Late Cretaceous period, around 84 to 66 million years ago. They were a diverse group of dinosaurs that had a unique feature – a bony frill at the back of their skulls, along with horns on their noses and sometimes on their frills too. These features made them easily recognizable.

Ceratopsians can be classified into two main groups: the primitive ceratopsians and the advanced ceratopsians. The primitive ceratopsians were smaller in size and had shorter frills with fewer horns. They also had fewer teeth than the advanced ceratopsians. Examples of primitive ceratopsians are Psittacosaurus and Protoceratops.

On the other hand, the advanced ceratopsians were much larger in size and had longer frills with more horns. They had a specialized chewing mechanism which allowed them to grind tough plant material. The most famous dinosaur in this group is Triceratops, which had three horns on its head and a large frill at the back. Other well-known advanced ceratopsians include Styracosaurus and Torosaurus.

In conclusion, ceratopsians were a diverse group of herbivorous dinosaurs that lived millions of years ago. They can be divided into two main groups: the primitive ceratopsians, which were smaller with shorter frills and fewer horns, and the advanced ceratopsians, which were larger with longer frills and more horns. Some examples of ceratopsians include Psittacosaurus, Protoceratops, Triceratops, Styracosaurus, and Torosaurus. These dinosaurs had unique features that made them easily identifiable and played an important role in the Late Cretaceous ecosystem.

How did Ceratopsian Extinct?

Ceratopsian animals, which were fascinating horned dinosaurs, became extinct a long time ago. Scientists believe that a few factors contributed to their extinction. One reason is that the climate on Earth changed, becoming cooler and drier. This change affected the vegetation that Ceratopsians relied on for food. With less food available, it became harder for them to survive and reproduce.

Additionally, the arrival of large, meat-eating predators could have also played a role in the extinction of Ceratopsians. These predators, such as Tyrannosaurus rex, hunted and competed for the same resources as Ceratopsians. This increased competition for food and the constant threat of being hunted could have put enormous pressure on the Ceratopsian population, making it harder for them to survive.

Finally, scientists suggest that events such as volcanic eruptions or asteroid impacts could have been the ultimate cause of Ceratopsian extinction. These catastrophic events would have caused widespread destruction, leading to the loss of habitats and food sources. The sudden changes in the environment, such as the blockage of sunlight, altering of the climate, and destruction of ecosystems, could have caused a rapid decline in the Ceratopsian population, eventually leading to their extinction.

In conclusion, Ceratopsian animals became extinct due to a combination of changing climate and food availability, the arrival of large predators competing for resources, and catastrophic events that led to the destruction of their habitats. These factors, individually or combined, have likely caused the decline and eventual disappearance of the Ceratopsians from our planet.

Geographical Presence of Ceratopsian

Ceratopsians were large, herbivorous dinosaurs that lived in the Late Cretaceous period, around 66 to 68 million years ago. These fascinating creatures were mainly found in North America and Asia, particularly in what is now known as the western United States and parts of Canada. In these regions, the fossil remains of various species of Ceratopsians have been discovered, providing valuable insights into their appearance and behavior.

Ceratopsians are not found in other parts of the world, such as Africa, South America, Australia, or Europe. This could be due to a combination of factors including geological barriers, climate conditions, and the evolution of different dinosaur species in these regions during that time period.

The absence of Ceratopsians in other regions does not mean there were no similar herbivorous dinosaurs. In different parts of the world, other types of dinosaurs, like the hadrosaurs in North America or the titanosaurs in South America, occupied similar ecological niches and had distinct adaptations to their local environments.

In summary, Ceratopsians were primarily found in North America and Asia during the Late Cretaceous period. They did not exist in other regions of the world at that time. It is fascinating to think about the diversity and distribution of dinosaurs during this period and the unique characteristics that made each region home to different types of ancient creatures.

Scientific Name of Ceratopsian

The scientific name for a ceratopsian animal is Triceratops. Triceratops is made up of two parts: “tri” meaning three, and “ceratops” meaning horned face. This name accurately describes the animal, as it had three horns on its face.

Triceratops lived during the Late Cretaceous period, about 68-65 million years ago. They were large herbivorous dinosaurs that roamed what is now North America. Triceratops had a big body covered in tough skin, and it walked on four strong legs. Its most distinctive feature was the large frill on the back of its head, which protected its neck and provided a surface for attachment of powerful neck muscles. It also had a big, bony beak and three horns on its face.

Triceratops were social animals that lived in herds and they may have used their horns for defense or combat, primarily against predators like large carnivorous dinosaurs. They also had unique teeth adapted for eating different types of plants. Triceratops were one of the last dinosaurs to exist before the mass extinction event that wiped out most dinosaurs. We learn about them from fossils found in rock formations.

Diet of Ceratopsian

Ceratopsian animals, such as Triceratops and Styracosaurus, were large plant-eating dinosaurs that lived a long time ago. They had a special diet that helped them survive and grow in their habitats. These dinosaurs mainly ate plants, such as leaves, ferns, and low-lying shrubs. They didn’t eat meat like some other dinosaurs.

Ceratopsians had powerful jaws and teeth that helped them chew their food. They had sharp and pointed beaks too, which were handy for plucking leaves and branches off trees. Some paleontologists believe that these dinosaurs may have used their beak to strip leaves off plants before eating them. They had hundreds of teeth lined up in their jaws, which helped them grind and mash up the tough plants that they ate.

Since Ceratopsians were herbivores, they needed to eat a lot of plants to get enough energy. They had to spend a big part of their day munching on plants to fill their bellies. Some plants were tall and unreachable, so these dinosaurs may have used their long necks to reach the leaves high up in the trees. Their diet was so important that they had to be constantly on the lookout for new sources of food to survive.

In conclusion, Ceratopsians were plant-eating dinosaurs with a special diet that included leaves, ferns, and shrubs. Their powerful jaws and beaks helped them chew and break down the tough plant material. They had to eat a lot of plants to get enough energy and may have used their long necks to reach tall plants. Their diet played a crucial role in their survival and growth in their prehistoric world.

Locomotion of Ceratopsian

Ceratopsians were a group of dinosaurs that lived a long time ago. They were known for their unique body shape and large horns on their heads. They were also very big and heavy animals, which affected how they moved.

When walking, ceratopsians would move in a slow and steady manner. Their legs were positioned directly underneath their bodies, which helped them balance and support their weight. This allowed them to walk on all four legs comfortably. They would take small steps and swing their legs forwards and backwards, similar to how we walk. Since they were quite heavy, they did not move very quickly and could not run fast.

Ceratopsians were also capable of turning their heads from side to side. This helped them see in different directions and look for food or predators. They had strong muscles in their necks that allowed them to move their heads easily. These dinosaurs spent most of their time walking on all fours, but they could also stand on their hind legs if they needed to reach high leaves or defend themselves from danger. Overall, the locomotion of ceratopsians involved slow and stable walking, with the ability to turn their heads and sometimes stand on two legs.

Social and Sexual Behaviour of Ceratopsian

Ceratopsian animals, like Triceratops, had interesting social and sexual behavior. They lived in herds, which means they lived and moved together as a group. These herds helped protect them from predators, making it safer for them to find food and raise their young. Within these herds, there was a clear dominance hierarchy, where some individuals were more dominant or important than others. The dominant ones had first access to food and mates, while the less dominant ones had to wait their turn.

When it came to choosing a mate, male ceratopsians would often compete with each other to win the attention of the females. Some male ceratopsians had large horns or frills on their heads, which they would use to intimidate rival males during these contests. The female ceratopsians would watch these competitions and select the male with the biggest or most impressive features. Once a male was chosen, they would perform a mating ritual to ensure successful reproduction.

Overall, ceratopsian animals had a social structure that helped them stay safe from predators and find mates. The dominant individuals had the advantage of first access to resources and mates, while the less dominant ones had to wait their turn. Male ceratopsians used their unique features to impress females and win the chance to reproduce. Understanding these social and sexual behaviors gives us insights into how these incredible creatures lived and survived in their prehistoric world.

Reproduction and Lifecycle of Ceratopsian

Ceratopsian animals were plant-eating dinosaurs that lived a long time ago. These fascinating creatures went through a unique life cycle that involved reproduction and growth. Let’s learn about it in simple terms!

Ceratopsians started their lives as tiny eggs. The female Ceratopsian would lay these eggs in nests, just like birds do. She would take great care to find a safe place for her eggs, where they wouldn’t get damaged or eaten. Once the eggs were laid, the mother would leave them and let nature take its course.

Inside each egg, a baby Ceratopsian would slowly develop. It would grow bigger and stronger while being protected by the hard outer shell of the egg. After a certain period of time, the baby inside the egg was ready to hatch. It would use its sharp claws or beak to crack open the shell and emerge into the world.

Once hatched, the baby Ceratopsian was not fully grown yet. It would start its journey as a small, vulnerable creature. Just like human babies, these young dinosaurs needed the care and protection of their parents. The adult Ceratopsians would take care of their babies, guiding them and teaching them how to survive in their environment.

As time passed, the baby Ceratopsians would grow bigger and stronger. Their ancestors were known for their unique horns and frills, and the young ones would slowly develop these features too. Eventually, they would become fully mature adults and be ready to reproduce, starting the cycle all over again. And thus, the wonder of life continued, with new generations of Ceratopsians being born and growing up to be magnificent creatures.

In summary, Ceratopsian animals went through a life cycle that involved being born from eggs, hatching as vulnerable babies, and growing into strong adults. They would then reproduce and ensure the survival of their species. It’s incredible to think about how these amazing creatures lived and thrived in ancient times!

Threats to Ceratopsian

Ceratopsian animals, like Triceratops and Styracosaurus, lived millions of years ago during the late Cretaceous period. These majestic herbivores faced several threats in their environment.

Firstly, one of the biggest dangers for Ceratopsians was predators. They had to be constantly on guard against meat-eating dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus rex, who would frequently hunt them for food. These massive predators had strong jaws, sharp teeth, and powerful legs, making them formidable enemies to the Ceratopsians.

Secondly, as herbivores, Ceratopsians relied on plants for their food. But during the late Cretaceous period, vegetation was not as abundant or diverse as it is today. This scarcity of food could have been a significant threat to the survival of Ceratopsians. They had to constantly search for suitable plants to eat, often competing with other herbivores for limited resources.

Lastly, environmental changes posed another threat to Ceratopsians. It is believed that towards the end of the Cretaceous period, there were drastic changes in climate, with long periods of drought and extreme heat. These changes in weather patterns could have negatively affected the availability of water and appropriate habitats for Ceratopsians, making it harder for them to survive.

In conclusion, Ceratopsians faced numerous threats during their existence. The dangers of predators, scarcity of food, and environmental changes all played a significant role in their struggle for survival. Despite these obstacles, Ceratopsians managed to thrive for millions of years before eventually becoming extinct.

Population of Ceratopsian

The population of ceratopsian animals, also known as horned dinosaurs, is believed to have been quite large during their time on Earth. Scientists estimate that there may have been thousands, if not millions, of these creatures roaming the land. This is an assumed figure based on fossil evidence and the fact that many different species of ceratopsians have been discovered.

Unfortunately, ceratopsians are now extinct. They lived millions of years ago during the Late Cretaceous period and gradually disappeared from the Earth. The exact reasons for their extinction are still debated among scientists. Some believe that changes in climate and vegetation may have played a role, while others suggest that competition with other herbivorous dinosaurs or even predatory dinosaurs contributed to their decline.

It is fascinating to study these ancient creatures and imagine what life was like when they roamed the Earth. Through the study of fossils, scientists can gather valuable information about the size, shape, and behavior of ceratopsians. Even though they are no longer with us, the remains of these magnificent animals continue to teach us about the rich history and diversity of life on our planet.

Conclusion

Ceratopsian, a fascinating group of dinosaurs, has left an indelible mark on the history of our Earth. These magnificent creatures roamed the planet millions of years ago, captivating our imagination with their unique features and impressive size. From their horned faces to their fringed tails, Ceratopsians were truly remarkable animals.

One of the most interesting facts about Ceratopsians is their classification. They belong to the group of herbivorous dinosaurs known as Ornithischians, which also includes other famous species like Triceratops and Stegosaurus. These animals lived during the late Cretaceous period and were mainly found in North America. Their habitat ranged from vast plains to lush forests, where they grazed on plants and foliage.

When it comes to size, Ceratopsians varied greatly. Some species, like Protoceratops, were relatively small, measuring about 6 feet in length and weighing around 400 pounds. On the other hand, the well-known Triceratops could grow up to an astonishing 30 feet long and weigh a whopping 12 tons! These creatures were as large as modern-day elephants, making them some of the largest herbivorous animals that ever lived.

In conclusion, Ceratopsians were extraordinary creatures that captivate us with their unique appearance and impressive scale. These herbivorous dinosaurs belong to the group Ornithischians and lived during the late Cretaceous period. Whether big or small, they made their habitats in various landscapes across North America. The world of Ceratopsians is a fascinating one, and the study of these ancient animals continues to reveal new insights into our planet’s history.

Frequently Asked Questions about Ceratopsian (FAQ’s)

Q: What is a ceratopsian animal?
A: A ceratopsian animal is a herbivorous dinosaur that belongs to the Ceratopsidae family, known for their unique frilled necks and elaborate horns.

Q: When did ceratopsian animals exist?
A: Ceratopsian animals lived during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 84 to 65 million years ago.

Q: How large were ceratopsian animals?
A: The size of ceratopsian animals varied, with some smaller species reaching about 6 feet in length, while larger species like Triceratops could measure up to 30 feet long.

Q: What were the main physical features of ceratopsian animals?
A: Ceratopsian animals are characterized by their large skull frills, beaks, and unique horns. Many species also had elaborate facial decorations.

Q: Were ceratopsian animals bipedal or quadrupedal?
A: Most ceratopsian animals were quadrupedal, meaning they walked on all fours. However, some smaller species may have been capable of brief moments of bipedal locomotion.

Q: What did ceratopsian animals eat?
A: Ceratopsian animals were herbivores, feeding mostly on plants such as ferns, cycads, and other vegetation that was abundant during the Late Cretaceous period.

Q: Did ceratopsian animals have any natural predators?
A: Yes, ceratopsian animals had natural predators such as Tyrannosaurus rex and other large carnivorous dinosaurs.

Q: How were ceratopsian animals able to defend themselves?
A: Ceratopsian animals had frills and horns that were likely used for defense against predators. They could charge and potentially injure or deter attackers.

Q: Were there any differences between male and female ceratopsian animals?
A: Some ceratopsian species had sexually dimorphic features, such as larger and more elaborate horns or frills in males compared to females.

Q: How did ceratopsian animals communicate with each other?
A: Ceratopsian animals likely used visual displays, vocalizations, and body postures as means of communication within their social groups.

Q: Were ceratopsian animals social creatures?
A: Yes, evidence suggests that ceratopsian animals lived and moved in herds or social groups, similar to modern herding animals.

Q: What is the closest living relative to ceratopsian animals?
A: Birds are considered to be the closest living relatives to ceratopsian animals, specifically the members of the Ornithischia dinosaur group.

Q: Where have fossils of ceratopsian animals been found?
A: Fossils of ceratopsian animals have been found primarily in North America, particularly in regions such as Montana, Wyoming, and Alberta.

Q: How many different species of ceratopsian animals have been discovered?
A: Paleontologists have discovered and described over 30 different species of ceratopsian animals to date.

Q: Are there any famous ceratopsian species?
A: Yes, one of the most famous and iconic ceratopsian species is Triceratops, known for its large body, three horns, and bony frill.

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