Fallow deer: History, Facts, Size, Habitat, Classification & Much More

By Morgan Gutierrez

The fallow deer is a fascinating animal that has a rich history and many interesting facts. They are medium-sized deer that can be found in various parts of the world. In this blog post, we will explore the history, facts, size, habitat, and classification of fallow deer.

Fallow deer have a long history dating back to ancient times. They were originally native to the Mediterranean region and were introduced to different parts of the world by humans for hunting and ornamental purposes. These graceful animals have become quite popular in many countries and can be found in parks, reserves, and even private estates.

Facts about fallow deer are quite intriguing. With their distinctive coat, which can vary in color from light brown to dark brown, these animals are easily recognizable. They have impressive antlers that are shed and regrown every year. Fallow deer are herbivores, meaning they primarily feed on grass, leaves, and other plants. They are also known for their agility and can jump over fences or obstacles effortlessly.

Fallow deer are adaptable and can thrive in various habitats, including woodlands, grasslands, and even urban areas. They have a wide distribution and can be found in countries like the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. These deer are part of the Cervidae family and belong to the Dama genus, which includes other deer species like the Persian fallow deer and Mesopotamian fallow deer.

With their captivating history, unique characteristics, and ability to adapt to different environments, fallow deer are truly fascinating creatures. In our upcoming blog posts, we will delve deeper into their behavior, lifecycle, and conservation efforts. Stay tuned to our blog as we continue to explore the mesmerizing world of fallow deer and more than 155 other animal species.

History of Fallow deer

Fallow deer have a long and interesting history dating back thousands of years. They were known to roam freely in the wild and were greatly admired for their uniqueness and beauty. These deer were commonly found in Asia Minor, which is now modern-day Turkey, and were first tamed and domesticated by the ancient Egyptians around 4,000 years ago.

During ancient times, fallow deer were highly regarded and considered a sign of nobility and wealth. They were kept in large enclosures called deer parks, which were specially designed to house and protect these magnificent creatures. Fallow deer were prized for their meat, which was considered a delicacy, and their antlers were used for various purposes, such as crafting tools and decorative items.

As civilization spread, fallow deer started to be introduced to different parts of the world. The Romans, for instance, brought them to Europe, and they soon became popular among aristocrats and nobles. Fallow deer were often used for hunting purposes, as their graceful movements and impressive antlers made them a captivating sight. They were also seen as a status symbol, with kings and queens proudly displaying them in their royal gardens.

Over time, fallow deer populations started to decline due to deforestation and hunting. However, efforts to conserve and protect these animals have been successful, allowing their numbers to recover in certain regions. Nowadays, fallow deer can be found in various parts of Europe, North America, and Australia. They continue to be cherished for their elegance and are enjoyed by nature enthusiasts and animal lovers alike.

In summary, fallow deer have a rich history and have played an important role in various civilizations throughout time. They were first domesticated in ancient Egypt, became a symbol of wealth and status in Europe, and are now admired and protected in different parts of the world. These beautiful creatures continue to captivate our hearts and remind us of the beauty and diversity of our natural world.

Importance of Fallow deer

Fallow deer are important animals in our natural world. They play a crucial role in maintaining a balanced ecosystem. Firstly, these deer help in the dispersal of seeds, as they eat various kinds of plants and spread their seeds through their droppings. This helps in the growth and reproduction of different plant species, contributing to the diversity of plant life in a forest or grassland habitat.

Secondly, fallow deer are also important in controlling vegetation. They feed on plants and grasses, preventing them from becoming overgrown. This ensures that sunlight can reach the ground, allowing other plants to grow and creating a healthier habitat for various animals. Without fallow deer, there would be an imbalance in the vegetation, which could lead to negative effects on other wildlife species.

Lastly, fallow deer are a significant part of our natural heritage and cultural history. They have been around for centuries and have inspired various stories, artwork, and folklore. Their presence in our forests and parks adds beauty and interest to the landscape, providing enjoyment and a connection to our past.

In conclusion, fallow deer are important because they help in seed dispersal and control vegetation, maintaining a balanced ecosystem. Additionally, they hold cultural significance and enhance the beauty of our natural environments. It is crucial to protect and appreciate these animals to ensure the well-being of our ecosystems and our connection to nature.

Amazing Facts About Fallow deer

1. Fallow deer are medium-sized animals that belong to the deer family.
2. They have a distinct coat color that varies from light brown to dark brown, with white spots covering their backs.
3. Fallow deer are native to Europe and have been introduced to other parts of the world, such as Australia and North America.
4. They are herbivores and mainly feed on grass, leaves, and fruits.
5. Fallow deer are known for their antlers, which are shed and regrown every year by the males.
6. Male fallow deer, also called bucks, have larger and more impressive antlers than females, known as does.
7. Bucks use their antlers to establish dominance during the mating season, when they engage in impressive displays to attract females.
8. Fallow deer are social animals and live in small herds, typically consisting of one dominant buck and several females with their young.
9. These deer have excellent hearing and a keen sense of smell, which helps them detect predators in their environment.
10. Fallow deer are agile and can run at speeds of up to 30 miles per hour when being pursued.
11. They are primarily active during twilight hours, at dawn and dusk, known as crepuscular animals.
12. Their gestation period is around 8 months, after which a single fawn is usually born.
13. Fawns have a spotted coat, which helps them blend with their surroundings and provides camouflage against potential predators.
14. The average lifespan of fallow deer is around 12-16 years in the wild, although they can live longer in captivity.
15. Fallow deer play an essential role in maintaining healthy ecosystems by helping disperse seeds through their digestive system and grazing habits.

Can we keep Fallow deer as our Pet?

Fallow deer are wild animals that are typically found in forests and grasslands. They are not suitable to be kept as pets for several reasons. Firstly, fallow deer are large and need a lot of space to move around and roam freely. Keeping them confined in a small area would be cruel and unnatural for them. Secondly, fallow deer have specific dietary requirements that may be difficult to meet in a domestic environment. They need a diverse and balanced diet that includes a wide variety of plants, leaves, and grasses. Lastly, fallow deer are social animals and live in herds. They require the company of other deer to interact and socialize with. It would be challenging to replicate this natural social structure in a pet setting. Overall, due to their size, dietary needs, and social behavior, fallow deer are not suitable to be kept as pets.

Fallow deer are not extinct and are still found in various parts of the world. However, it is important to note that many species of animals have become extinct over the years due to various reasons. Extinction occurs when an entire species dies out and no longer exists on Earth. This could happen due to habitat destruction, hunting, climate change, or other factors that disrupt their natural environment. When a species becomes extinct, it is gone forever, and efforts to bring them back are extremely challenging, if not impossible.

In conclusion, fallow deer are wild animals that cannot be kept as pets. Their size, dietary needs, and social behavior make it unsuitable for them to live in a domestic environment. It is crucial to respect and preserve the natural habitats of these animals to prevent them from becoming extinct.

Size of Fallow deer

The Fallow deer is a medium-sized animal that can be found in different parts of the world, including Asia, Europe, and North America. These animals are known for their graceful appearance and unique antlers.

On average, the size of a fully grown Fallow deer is about 3 to 4 feet tall at the shoulder. They have a slender body with long legs, which helps them to move swiftly and gracefully through their habitat. The weight of a male Fallow deer can range from 130 to 220 pounds, while females are generally smaller, weighing between 90 and 150 pounds.

One of the distinctive features of Fallow deer is their antlers. The antlers grow on the males and are shed and regrown every year. They can reach a length of about 2 to 3 feet and are usually broad and flattened, with several points or tines. The antlers are used by males during the mating season to establish dominance and attract females.

In summary, the Fallow deer is a medium-sized animal that is known for its grace and unique antlers. With a height of about 3 to 4 feet at the shoulder and a weight ranging from 90 to 220 pounds, these deer are a fascinating sight in their natural habitat. Their antlers, which grow on males and are used for mating purposes, can reach an impressive length. Overall, the Fallow deer is an intriguing creature that captivates the attention of nature enthusiasts around the world.

Habitat of Fallow deer

The natural habitat of fallow deer can be found in many different parts of the world. These majestic animals are often found living in wooded areas, such as forests or woodlands. The forests provide them with lots of shade and protection from predators, like wolves or bears. Additionally, the trees in the forest offer a good food source for the deer, as they can eat the leaves and buds.

Fallow deer also like to live near grassy areas or meadows. These open spaces provide them with plenty of grass to graze on. Sometimes, they can be spotted in fields or farmlands, where they may munch on crops like wheat or corn. The deer are quite adaptable in terms of their habitat and can even be found living in urban areas if there is enough green space for them.

When it comes to water, fallow deer need it to survive. They usually reside near a reliable water source, like a river, lake, or pond. This water is crucial for the deer to drink and bathe in, especially during hot weather when they need to stay cool. It also provides them with valuable plants and insects that they can eat.

In conclusion, fallow deer prefer to live in forested areas with lots of trees for shade and food. They also like grassy open spaces where they can find abundant grass and crops. Lastly, fallow deer need access to water sources such as rivers or ponds to drink and find additional sustenance. These amazing creatures are well adapted to various habitats and add beauty to the places they call home.

Evolution of Fallow deer

The Fallow deer, a magnificent animal, has gone through a long process of evolution to become the beautiful creature we know today. Over thousands of years, these deer have adapted to survive in different environments, transforming both in appearance and behavior.

In the beginning, Fallow deer originated in Eurasia, migrating across different lands and climates. They had to adapt to changes in their surroundings to stay alive. The first Fallow deer had antlers with many points, which helped them compete for mates and establish their dominance. However, as time went on, the shape and size of their antlers changed. In cold regions, such as Europe, the antlers became larger and more sturdy to push away snow and defend against predators. In warmer regions, like India, the antlers became smaller, enabling the deer to move easily through dense forests.

In addition to changing antlers, Fallow deer also modified their behavior to survive. They learned to eat different types of plants and grasses based on what was available. For example, if they lived near water, they developed a taste for aquatic plants. Furthermore, these deer adapted their social structures. They used to live in small groups, only scattered across the land. However, as habitats changed, they began to gather in larger herds for protection against predators.

In summary, the Fallow deer has evolved incredibly throughout history. Their antlers have changed shape, size, and number of points, depending on their environment. Moreover, their eating habits and social structures have adapted to survive in a wide range of habitats. It is fascinating to witness the adaptability and splendor of these amazing creatures.

Classification of Fallow deer

Fallow deer, also known as Dama dama, belong to the family Cervidae. They are native to western Eurasia but have been introduced to other parts of the world, including Australia and the United States. Fallow deer are medium-sized ungulates, with males (bucks) being larger than females (does). They have a distinctive coat, which can vary in color, from light brown to dark brown, with white spots during the summer months.

Fallow deer can easily be identified by their beautiful antlers. Bucks typically grow large, palmate antlers with multiple points, while does usually have smaller and simpler ones. The antlers are shed and regrown every year. These deer are known for their agility and swift movements. They are excellent jumpers and runners, enabling them to escape from predators such as wolves or other large carnivores.

Fallow deer are grazers, meaning they primarily feed on grass, leaves, and herbs. They have a four-chambered stomach that helps them digest their food. These deer are also known to be highly adaptable to different habitats, such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands. During the breeding season, which occurs in the fall, bucks compete for the attention of does by displaying dominance and engaging in dramatic fights.

In summary, fallow deer are a species of medium-sized ungulates belonging to the family Cervidae. They possess beautiful antlers and have a varied coat color, ranging from light to dark brown. Fallow deer are grazers and can be found in a variety of habitats. Their agility and adaptability help them to survive in the wild.

How did Fallow deer Extinct?

1. Fallow deer are a popular species of deer, known for their distinct appearance and behavior. They have a medium-sized body with a colored coat and white spots, making them easily recognizable.

2. These deer are herbivores, meaning they mainly feed on plants and grasses found in their natural habitat. They have adapted to a wide range of environments, from woodlands to open plains.

3. Fallow deer are social animals, often forming herds or groups. They communicate with each other through various vocalizations and body movements. This social behavior helps with their survival and protection against predators.

4. The antlers of the male fallow deer are one of their most striking features. Unlike other deer species, their antlers have broad, flattened palmation with numerous points. These antlers are shed and regrown annually.

5. During the mating season, the males, called bucks, engage in impressive displays to attract females, known as does. They vocalize loudly and engage in fights with their antlers to establish dominance and win mating rights.

6. Fallow deer are agile and fast runners, capable of reaching speeds of up to 30 miles per hour. Their slender body allows them to maneuver through dense vegetation and escape from predators efficiently.

7. Predators of fallow deer include wolves, large cats, and humans. However, their excellent senses, including a keen sense of hearing and smell, enable them to detect potential threats and take evasive action.

8. Fallow deer are found in various parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and North America. They have been introduced to many countries as an ornamental species due to their aesthetic appeal.

9. These deer have a gestation period of about seven to eight months, and the females usually give birth to a single fawn. The young fawns have a spotted coat, providing them with camouflage protection in their early months.

10. Fallow deer play an important role in their ecosystems by dispersing seeds through their digestive system. They contribute to the diversity and regeneration of plant communities, making them a vital part of the natural food chain.

Geographical Presence of Fallow deer

The Fallow deer is commonly found in regions across Europe, including the countries of England, Scotland, France, Italy, Germany, and Spain. They thrive in diverse habitats including forests, woodland areas, and grasslands. Their adaptability allows them to inhabit various types of terrain such as mountains, plains, and even coastal areas. Fallow deer are appreciated for their beauty, with their distinctive spotted coats and elegant antlers.

However, Fallow deer are not found in certain regions of the world. They are not native to North America, South America, Africa, or Asia. This means that you won’t see them naturally roaming in countries like the United States, Canada, Brazil, India, or South Africa. Fallow deer have not been introduced to these areas, and their absence may be due to factors such as geographical barriers or different environmental conditions.

In conclusion, Fallow deer are primarily found in Europe, particularly in countries such as England, Scotland, France, Italy, Germany, and Spain. These regions offer suitable habitats for their survival and reproduction. On the other hand, Fallow deer are not found in other parts of the world, including North America, South America, Africa, and Asia. It is important to study and respect the natural habitats and distributions of animals to ensure their well-being and protection in the future.

Scientific Name of Fallow deer

The scientific name of the fallow deer is Dama dama. This beautiful animal is a type of deer commonly found in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It is known for its distinct appearance, with a reddish-brown fur coat covered in white spots during the summer season.

Fallow deer are herbivores, which means they mainly eat plants and plant material. They have a varied diet that includes leaves, grass, fruits, and even tree bark. These animals are also known for their impressive antlers, which are shed and regrown every year. Male fallow deer, called bucks, have larger and more elaborate antlers than females, or does.

Fallow deer are social creatures that live in herds, typically led by a dominant male. They are agile and fast runners, making them able to escape from predators like wolves or foxes. These deer can leap and jump gracefully, showcasing their natural beauty and helping to keep them safe in their natural habitats.

In conclusion, the scientific name for the fallow deer is Dama dama. They are herbivorous animals found in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. With their stunning appearance and graceful movements, fallow deer are truly captivating creatures.

Diet of Fallow deer

Fallow deer animals have specific diets that help keep them healthy and strong. They mainly eat different types of plants. Their diet consists of grass, leaves, twigs, and herbs. Fallow deer are classified as herbivores because they only eat plants.

Grass is a major part of the fallow deer’s diet. They graze on different types of grass found in their habitat. This provides them with the necessary nutrients and energy. The leaves of trees and bushes are also a part of their diet. Fallow deer use their long necks to reach high leaves, as they are often tall animals.

When grass and leaves are not available, fallow deer rely on twigs and herbs. Twigs from trees and shrubs make up an important part of their diet during colder months or when food is scarce. Fallow deer also eat different types of herbs, which are small plants with medicinal properties. These herbs help them stay healthy.

In summary, fallow deer primarily eat grass, leaves, twigs, and herbs. These plants provide them with the necessary nutrients and energy. It is important for fallow deer to have a balanced diet to survive and thrive in their habitat.

Locomotion of Fallow deer

Fallow deer move in a graceful and elegant way called locomotion. They use their four strong legs to walk, run, and jump with great agility. Their movements are smooth and natural, helping them to navigate through different terrains.

When walking, fallow deer lift each leg and move it forward, one at a time. This helps them to maintain balance as they take each step. They can also walk quietly, using their soft hooves to avoid making too much noise.

When they need to escape quickly or chase after something, fallow deer start running. They stretch out their legs and move them in a coordinated pattern, enabling them to reach high speeds. Their long and slender bodies allow them to leap gracefully over obstacles like fallen tree branches or low fences.

In summary, fallow deer have a beautiful way of moving called locomotion. They use their legs to walk carefully and run swiftly to escape danger. Their movements are both efficient and graceful, helping them to survive and thrive in their natural habitats.

Social and Sexual Behaviour of Fallow deer

Fallow deer, like many other animals, have interesting social and sexual behaviors. These behaviors help them to maintain social ties and reproduce successfully. Let’s explore some of their behaviors!

Fallow deer are highly social animals, forming groups called herds. These herds are made up of females, known as does, and their young, called fawns, along with a dominant male, known as a buck. The does and the fawns stay together in close-knit groups, which helps protect the young ones from predators. The buck usually has a harem of does and competes with other males for this privilege. They engage in elaborate displays of antler wrestling and roaring to establish dominance and win the right to mate.

When it comes to mating, fallow deer have a seasonal breeding pattern. This means that they only mate during a specific time of the year, usually in the autumn. During this time, the bucks compete fiercely for the attention of the does. They display their strength and attractiveness by showing off their large antlers and making loud vocalizations. The dominant buck gets the opportunity to mate with multiple does, ensuring the survival of his genes.

In summary, fallow deer have fascinating social and sexual behaviors. They live in herds, with dominant males competing for the right to mate with multiple females. The bucks engage in displays of strength and attractiveness to win the attention of the does. Understanding these behaviors helps us appreciate the unique ways in which animals interact and reproduce.

Reproduction and Lifecycle of Fallow deer

Fallow deer have a unique reproductive system and life cycle. In the spring, male fallow deer, called bucks, compete with each other using their antlers to win the attention of female fallow deer, known as does. This competition is called rutting. The bucks make loud calls and mark trees with their scent to show their dominance. The winner gets to mate with several does.

After mating, the does carry their babies, called fawns, for about 8 months. When it’s time to give birth, the does find a safe and sheltered spot to have their fawns. The fawns are born with white spots on their fur, which help them blend in with their surroundings and stay hidden from predators. The mothers leave their fawns hidden and return periodically to nurse them. The fawns grow quickly and start to eat solid food after a few weeks. They lose their spots when they are around 3 to 4 months old.

As the fawns grow, they join groups of other young deer, called herds. The herds stay together for protection and safety. The young deer learn from their mothers and older members of the herd about where to find food, how to avoid dangers, and how to communicate with each other. Male fawns also develop antlers as they get older, which they will use for rutting and competing for mates when they become adults.

So, to summarize the reproduction and life cycle of fallow deer, bucks compete for does during the rutting season. After mating, does carry their babies, called fawns, for about 8 months. The fawns are born with spots and are cared for by their mothers until they grow up and join herds of other young deer.

Threats to Fallow deer

Fallow deer, like many other animals, face various threats that can harm their population and overall survival. One significant threat to fallow deer is habitat loss. As human populations continue to expand, more land is being used for agriculture, industry, and housing. This leads to the destruction and fragmentation of the deer’s natural habitat. As their homes are destroyed or divided into smaller patches, fallow deer find it harder to find enough food, water, and shelter.

Another threat to fallow deer is hunting. While hunting can be done sustainably and for conservation purposes, illegal hunting and poaching pose a serious threat to these animals. Some people hunt fallow deer for their meat or antlers, while others engage in trophy hunting for sport. This unregulated hunting can result in overhunting, which can have a dramatic impact on fallow deer populations.

Lastly, another threat to fallow deer is competition with other species. As humans introduce non-native species into new environments, these species can outcompete fallow deer for food and resources. In some instances, invasive plant species may also disrupt the natural vegetation that fallow deer rely on for food. Additionally, competition with domestic livestock, such as sheep or cattle, can lead to limited resources and increased stress for fallow deer.

In summary, the fallow deer faces several threats to its existence. Habitat loss due to human activities, illegal hunting and poaching, as well as competition with other species, all combine to create a challenging environment for these animals. It is important for humans to be responsible and take measures to protect fallow deer populations by preserving their habitat, enforcing anti-poaching measures, and managing competition with other species.

Population of Fallow deer

The population of Fallow deer, a beautiful animal with a distinctive coat, is estimated to be around one million worldwide. These deer can be found in various regions such as Europe, Asia, and North America. They are known for their graceful movements and majestic antlers, which are mainly found on the males.

If, unfortunately, the Fallow deer becomes extinct, it means that there are no more of these animals left in the world. This would be a tragic event as it would disrupt the balance of nature and lead to the loss of a unique species. Extinctions can occur due to various reasons, including habitat loss, hunting, and climate change. It is important to protect and conserve these animals to prevent such a devastating outcome.

Efforts are being made to ensure the survival of Fallow deer populations. Many countries have established protected areas and national parks where these animals can live safely. Additionally, strict regulations have been put in place to control hunting and prevent overexploitation. By preserving their habitats and conserving these animals, we can hope to maintain a healthy population of Fallow deer for future generations to admire and enjoy.

Conclusion

Overall, Fallow deer have a fascinating history and are interesting creatures to learn about. These majestic animals have been around for thousands of years and have ties to ancient civilizations. They come in different sizes, with males being larger than the females. Their habitat varies, but they prefer woodlands and meadows where they can find plenty of food. Fallow deer are part of the animal kingdom and fall under the classification of mammals.

The history of Fallow deer is quite intriguing. They were once considered a sacred animal in ancient times and were often kept in royal parks. Today, they can be found in various countries around the world, including the United States, where they were introduced for hunting purposes. Fallow deer have adapted well to different environments and continue to thrive in many regions.

In terms of size, Fallow deer are quite impressive. The males, known as bucks, can grow to be about 3-4 feet tall at the shoulder and weigh around 150-200 pounds. The females, known as does, are slightly smaller in size. Despite their large stature, Fallow deer are graceful and agile animals.

In conclusion, Fallow deer are captivating creatures with a rich history. From their connections to ancient civilizations to their adaptability in various habitats, these animals are truly remarkable. Their size and elegance make them a sight to behold. Whether you come across them in a park or in the wild, Fallow deer are sure to leave a lasting impression.

Frequently Asked Questions about Fallow deer (FAQ’s)

Q1: What is a fallow deer?
A1: Fallow deer (Dama dama) is a medium-sized ungulate species native to parts of Europe, Asia Minor, and the Middle East.

Q2: What is the average size of a fallow deer?
A2: Adult male fallow deer typically measure about 39 inches (100 cm) at the shoulder and can weigh between 130 to 220 pounds (60 to 100 kg).

Q3: How long do fallow deer live?
A3: Fallow deer have an average lifespan of about 12 to 16 years in the wild, but can live up to 25 years in captivity.

Q4: What do fallow deer eat?
A4: Fallow deer are primarily herbivorous and feed on a variety of plant materials such as grass, leaves, shoots, and fruits.

Q5: Are fallow deer social animals?
A5: Yes, fallow deer are social animals and form groups known as herds. These herds usually consist of females and their offspring, while males form separate bachelor groups.

Q6: When do fallow deer breed?
A6: Fallow deer have a breeding season, or rut, which typically occurs between October and November.

Q7: How long is the gestation period for fallow deer?
A7: The gestation period for fallow deer is around 230 days, resulting in the birth of a single fawn.

Q8: What is the coat color of fallow deer?
A8: The coat color of fallow deer varies greatly, ranging from light brown to dark brown, with characteristic white spots on their back and flanks.

Q9: Do fallow deer have antlers?
A9: Yes, male fallow deer have antlers, which are shed and regrown annually. Female fallow deer, however, may occasionally have small antlers as well.

Q10: Can fallow deer swim?
A10: Yes, fallow deer are capable swimmers and are known to cross rivers and lakes when necessary.

Q11: Are fallow deer territorial?
A11: Male fallow deer can be territorial during the rutting season, marking their territory with scent glands and engaging in fights with rival males.

Q12: Can fallow deer adapt to different habitats?
A12: Fallow deer are highly adaptable and can thrive in a variety of habitats, including woodlands, grasslands, and cultivated fields.

Q13: Do fallow deer migrate?
A13: Fallow deer do not typically migrate unless their local habitat becomes unsuitable, in which case they may move to find more favorable conditions.

Q14: Are fallow deer considered a threatened species?
A14: No, fallow deer are not currently considered a threatened species. They are classified as “Least Concern” by the IUCN Red List.

Q15: Can fallow deer be hunted?
A15: Yes, fallow deer hunting is regulated in many countries and is a popular activity for both sport and population control purposes.

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