Macaque: History, Facts, Size, Habitat, Classification & Much More

By Morgan Gutierrez

The macaque is an interesting animal with a fascinating history. It belongs to the primate family and is known for its intelligence and adaptability. Macaques have been around for millions of years and have evolved to survive in various habitats across the world.

These animals come in different sizes, with the largest macaques reaching up to 2 feet in length and weighing around 20 kilograms. Their bodies are covered in fur, which helps them stay warm in colder climates. Macaques are known for their distinctive facial features, including a prominent face and long tail.

Macaques can be found in a variety of habitats, from tropical rainforests to mountainous regions. They are highly adaptable and can live in both trees and on the ground. These animals are highly social and live in large groups called troops, which can consist of up to hundred individuals.

In conclusion, the macaque is a fascinating animal with a rich history. Its ability to adapt to different habitats and its social behavior make it an intriguing subject for study. By learning more about macaques, we can gain a deeper understanding of the animal kingdom and the diversity of life on our planet.

History of Macaque

The macaque is an animal that has been around for a long time. It has a history that goes back thousands of years. People have known about macaques and have interacted with them since ancient times. They have been observed, studied, and even portrayed in various forms of art.

In the past, macaques were found in different parts of the world, mainly in Asia. They lived in forests and other natural habitats. People living in those areas would often encounter them and sometimes even keep them as pets. Macaques were also used in traditional medicine and as entertainment in some cultures.

As time went on, macaques became more recognized and sought after. In fact, some species of macaques were even brought to different parts of the world as exotic pets. However, this practice raised concerns about their impact on the local ecosystems, as macaques are very adaptable and can have a negative effect on native species.

Today, macaques are still prevalent in many regions. They are highly intelligent animals and are able to adapt to different environments. Scientists continue to study them to learn more about their behavior and biology. Efforts are also being made to protect their natural habitats and ensure their survival in the face of various challenges, such as deforestation and illegal hunting.

In summary, the macaque has a rich history that stretches back thousands of years. From being observed and studied in ancient times to being kept as pets in some cultures, they have played a significant role in human interaction. As we continue to learn about these fascinating creatures, it is important to protect them and their natural habitats for future generations to appreciate.

Importance of Macaque

Macaques are important animals in our world. They play a vital role in nature. First of all, macaques help in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. They eat fruits and insects, which helps control their population and prevent harmful species from increasing too much. This is important because if one species becomes too dominant, it can harm other plants and animals.

Secondly, macaques are also important for scientific research. Scientists study them to learn more about their behavior, biology, and genetics. This knowledge helps in understanding how animals and humans are similar or different. It can also be used to find new medicines or treatments for diseases. Macaques are often used for medical testing because they share many similarities with humans.

Lastly, macaques are also valued for their cultural significance. In some countries, they are considered sacred and are part of religious rituals. They are also important for tourism, attracting visitors who want to see and learn about these fascinating animals. This helps the local economy and provides jobs for people.

In summary, macaques are important for maintaining the balance of the ecosystem, contributing to scientific research, and holding cultural significance. By respecting and protecting these animals, we can help preserve the natural world and benefit from the knowledge they provide.

Amazing Facts About Macaque

1. Macaque animals belong to the primate family and are known as old world monkeys.
2. They are found in various parts of the world, including Asia, Africa, and Europe.
3. Macaques have a medium-sized body with a long tail that helps them maintain balance while climbing trees.
4. These intelligent animals are known to be highly adaptable and can be found in various habitats such as forests, mountains, and even urban areas.
5. Macaques have a varied diet that includes fruits, leaves, seeds, insects, and even small animals.
6. They have cheek pouches in their mouth which they use to store food and carry it to a safe place for consumption.
7. Macaques have strong social structures and live in troops led by an alpha male.
8. Within these troops, macaques communicate with each other using various vocalizations, body language, and facial expressions.
9. Macaque females typically give birth to a single baby called an infant, which they carry on their belly or back.
10. These primates have a lifespan of around 20 to 30 years in the wild, although some individuals have been known to live longer in captivity.
11. Macaques are known for their resourcefulness and problem-solving skills, often using tools to obtain food or solve challenges.
12. Some species of macaques, such as the Japanese macaque (also known as snow monkeys), are known to bathe in hot springs during the colder months.
13. Macaques are highly adaptable to human presence, and in some areas, they have become accustomed to feeding on human-provided food.
14. While macaques are generally not aggressive towards humans, they can become territorial and protective of their young if they feel threatened.
15. Macaques play an important role in their ecosystems by dispersing seeds through their droppings, helping in forest regeneration, and being prey for larger predators.

Can we keep Macaque as our Pet?

Keeping Macaque animals as pets is not recommended. Macaques are primates that belong to the Old World monkey family. While they may appear cute and playful, they are not suitable pets for several reasons.

Firstly, macaques have complex social structures and require a large territory to roam and interact with others of their kind. In captivity, they may become frustrated, aggressive, or develop behavioral issues due to the lack of space and social stimulation they need. It is unfair to confine these intelligent animals to a small living area, as they thrive in natural habitats with freedom to move and socialize.

Moreover, macaques are wild animals that have specific dietary and environmental needs that are difficult to replicate in a home setting. They have specialized diets that include various fruits, leaves, insects, and even small animals. Meeting their dietary requirements properly is challenging, and improper nutrition can lead to health problems. Additionally, they require a highly enriched environment with natural elements like climbing structures, trees, and the ability to forage, which is difficult to provide in a domestic setting.

Furthermore, it’s essential to acknowledge that some macaque species, such as the Barbary macaque, are endangered or critically endangered due to habitat loss, hunting, and illegal pet trade. These factors have pushed the populations to decline rapidly, and efforts are being made to protect and conserve them in their natural habitats. It is crucial to be aware of the consequences of buying or keeping endangered animals as pets. Instead, supporting conservation initiatives and appreciating these amazing creatures from a distance is a more responsible and ethical approach.

In summary, it is not advisable to keep macaque animals as pets due to their complex nature, specific needs, and the potential harm it can cause to their populations. Macaques require adequate space, proper nutrition, and a stimulating environment, which are challenging to provide in a domestic setting. Additionally, some macaque species are endangered, highlighting the importance of respecting their conservation status and allowing them to thrive in their natural habitats.

Size of Macaque

Macaques are a type of animal that can be found in various parts of the world, including Asia, Africa, and Europe. These creatures come in different sizes, depending on the species and where they live. On average, macaques range in size from about 15 to 25 inches tall and can weigh anywhere between 10 to 80 pounds. However, it is important to note that these sizes can vary widely between different macaque species.

The smallest macaque species, such as the crab-eating macaque, typically measure around 15 inches in height and weigh about 10 to 20 pounds. On the other hand, larger macaques, like the Tibetan macaque or the male mandrill, can reach heights of up to 25 inches and weigh considerably more, ranging from 40 to 80 pounds. These variations in size can be attributed to factors such as habitat, diet, and genetic differences among the species.

Despite their differences in size, macaques share several physical characteristics. They generally have a compact and muscular body, with a broad chest and a sturdy build. Their limbs are well-developed, allowing them to climb trees and move swiftly on the ground. Macaques also have a long, flexible tail that helps in balancing while climbing or jumping.

In summary, macaques come in different sizes depending on their species and where they live. These animals can range from around 15 to 25 inches tall and weigh between 10 to 80 pounds. The size variations among macaques are influenced by factors such as habitat and diet, and they all possess similar physical features, including a compact body, strong limbs, and a long tail.

Habitat of Macaque

Macaques are fascinating primates that can be found in various habitats around the world. These intelligent animals are known for their adaptability and ability to thrive in different environments. They are found in regions like Asia, Europe, and Africa, where they have made their homes in diverse habitats such as forests, grasslands, mountains, and even urban areas.

One of the primary habitats of macaques is the dense forests. They are well-equipped to navigate the canopies of trees, using their strong limbs and tail for balance. These forests provide not only food sources but also protection from predators. Macaques are skillful climbers and spend most of their time up in the trees, foraging for fruits, leaves, nuts, and insects.

In addition to forests, macaques also inhabit grasslands and mountains. In grasslands, they can be found roaming in search of roots, bulbs, and grasses. The open plains and ample food sources make it an ideal habitat for them. Similarly, in mountainous regions, macaques are present at different altitudes, adapting themselves to the varying climates. They can be seen climbing rocky terrains, grooming each other, and enjoying the sun.

Interestingly, macaques have also successfully adapted to urban areas. They can be found in cities and towns, living near human settlements. These smart creatures have learned how to scavenge for food and find shelter in urban environments. They have become accustomed to human presence, often coming in contact with humans, whether stealing food or using man-made structures as their own playground.

To summarize, macaques have a remarkable ability to survive and thrive in diverse habitats, including forests, grasslands, mountains, and urban areas. Their strong climbing skills, adaptability, and intelligence have allowed them to make these different ecosystems their homes. Whether swinging through the forest trees or exploring city streets, macaques have successfully adapted to various habitats around the world.

Evolution of Macaque

The macaque animal has gone through a remarkable evolution over millions of years. In the beginning, these animals were small and lived in dense forests. They had long, grasping tails that helped them swing from tree to tree. Their bodies were adapted for climbing and leaping, with strong limbs and agile fingers. As time went on, macaques started to live in different habitats such as mountains and grasslands, which led to changes in their physical features.

During their evolutionary journey, macaques developed larger and more complex brains. This allowed them to solve problems, remember information, and communicate with each other. These intelligent animals also developed a highly organized social system, where they live in troops or groups. This social structure helps them communicate and cooperate effectively, ensuring their survival.

Another significant change in the macaque’s evolution was the development of their diet. While their ancestors were mainly fruit-eaters, macaques gradually started including a wider range of food in their diet. They became more adaptable and began eating leaves, insects, and even small vertebrates. This change in their eating habits helped macaques thrive in different environments, making them highly versatile and successful animals.

In conclusion, the macaque animal has evolved over time to live in various habitats, adapting their bodies, brains, social system, and diet along the way. Their ability to climb, problem-solve, and communicate has made them a successful species. Today, macaques can be found in different parts of the world, showcasing the incredible journey of their evolution.

Classification of Macaque

Macaques are a type of animal that belong to the primate family. They are known for their intelligence and their ability to adapt to different environments. Macaques are found in parts of Asia, including India, China, and Japan.

There are different species of macaques, each with its own unique characteristics. Some common species include the rhesus macaque, the long-tailed macaque, and the Japanese macaque, also known as the snow monkey. These species have distinct appearances and live in various habitats, such as forests, mountains, and even near human settlements.

Macaques are classified as mammals because they have fur, give live birth, and produce milk to feed their young ones. They also have opposable thumbs, which allow them to grasp objects and manipulate their environment. Macaques are known for their social behavior and live in groups called troops. They communicate with each other using different sounds and gestures.

In conclusion, macaques are fascinating animals that belong to the primate family. They are found in various parts of Asia and are known for their intelligence and adaptability. With their unique characteristics and social behavior, macaques continue to captivate scientists and animal enthusiasts alike.

How did Macaque Extinct?

1. Macaques are a group of monkeys found in various parts of the world including Asia, Africa, and Gibraltar.
Explanation: Macaques are a kind of monkey that can be found in different regions across the globe such as Asia, Africa, and Gibraltar.

2. Japanese Macaques, also known as snow monkeys, inhabit the forests of Japan and are famous for their habit of bathing in hot springs during the winter.
Explanation: Japanese Macaques, also called snow monkeys, live in the forests of Japan. They have gained popularity because they are known to enjoy bathing in hot springs, especially during the colder winter season.

3. Rhesus Macaques are commonly found in South Asia and have a distinctive red face. They are often used in medical and scientific research.
Explanation: Rhesus Macaques are primarily seen in South Asian countries and have a unique red-colored face. Due to their genetic similarity to humans, they are frequently used for medical and scientific experiments.

4. Long-tailed Macaques are widespread in Southeast Asia and are known for their long tails, which are even longer than their bodies.
Explanation: Long-tailed Macaques are commonly found in Southeast Asian nations and are recognized for their tails, which are longer than their bodies. The length of their tails sets them apart from other macaque species.

5. Barbary Macaques are native to Africa and are the only macaque species found outside of Asia. They are known for their distinctive appearance and social behavior.
Explanation: Barbary Macaques are originally from Africa and are the sole macaque species existing outside of Asia. They are well-known for their unique physical features and their social interactions within their groups.

6. Lion-tailed Macaques are endemic to the Western Ghats mountain range in India and have a distinctive black mane-like hair on their head.
Explanation: Lion-tailed Macaques are found only in the Western Ghats mountain range in India. They have a memorable black hair growth on their head that resembles a lion’s mane.

7. Assam Macaques are commonly seen in the northeastern regions of India and are known for their playful and curious nature.
Explanation: Assam Macaques are predominantly found in the northeastern parts of India. They are famous for being playful and inquisitive in their behavior.

8. Celebes Crested Macaques are native to Indonesia and have a unique hairstyle that resembles a “punk” with a prominent crest of hair on their heads.
Explanation: Celebes Crested Macaques are indigenous to Indonesia. They have a striking hairstyle that resembles a “punk” look, with a distinctive crest of hair on their heads.

9. Stump-tailed Macaques are found in Southeast Asia and are named after their short, stump-like tails. They live in diverse habitats ranging from forests to coastal areas.
Explanation: Stump-tailed Macaques are primarily found in Southeast Asian regions. They are called “stump-tailed” due to their short tails. They are adaptable to various environments, including forests and coastal areas.

10. Bonnet Macaques are native to South India and are recognizable by the tuft of hair on their heads, which looks like a “bonnet.”
Explanation: Bonnet Macaques are originally from South India. They have a distinct tuft of hair on their heads, similar to a “bonnet,” which makes them easily identifiable among other macaque species.

Geographical Presence of Macaque

Macaque monkeys are found in various regions around the world. They are primarily found in Asia, specifically in countries such as India, China, Thailand, and Indonesia. These monkeys can be spotted in forests, mountains, and even urban areas. They are adaptable creatures and are known to live in diverse habitats.

However, macaque monkeys are not found in other parts of the world, such as Europe, Africa, or the Americas. They have not naturally spread to these regions as they are not native to them. This is because macaque monkeys are typically restricted to the areas where they have evolved and where their food sources are readily available.

Macaque monkeys are fascinating creatures with unique behaviors and social structures. They live in troops or groups, which can range in size from a few individuals to over a hundred. These troops have a hierarchical structure, with dominant individuals having more privileges and control over resources.

In conclusion, macaque monkeys are primarily found in Asia, particularly in countries such as India, China, Thailand, and Indonesia. They do not naturally occur in other parts of the world, including Europe, Africa, and the Americas. These monkeys are adaptable and can live in various habitats, from forests to urban areas. Their troop behavior and hierarchical structure make them intriguing animals to study.

Scientific Name of Macaque

The scientific name for the Macaque animal is Macaca. Macaca is a genus of Old World monkeys that belong to the family Cercopithecidae. They are widely distributed across Asia, ranging from Japan and India to the Philippines and Indonesia.

Macaques are known for their medium-sized bodies, long tails, and cheek pouches. They have a diverse range of physical characteristics, with different species having unique fur coloration and facial features. These intelligent primates can adapt to various habitats, including forests, mountains, and even human-populated areas.

Within the Macaca genus, there are several species, such as Macaca mulatta (Rhesus Macaque), Macaca fascicularis (Long-tailed Macaque), and Macaca sylvanus (Barbary Macaque). Each species has its own specific characteristics and behaviors, but they all share common traits like a hierarchical social structure and omnivorous diet.

In conclusion, the scientific name for the Macaque animal is Macaca, and it refers to a diverse group of Old World monkeys found across Asia. These intelligent primates have different species with unique physical features, habitats, and behaviors. Understanding their scientific name helps researchers and scientists classify and study them more effectively.

Diet of Macaque

The diet of the macaque animal is quite diverse. These animals eat a variety of foods to keep themselves healthy and strong. Their diet mainly consists of fruits, leaves, seeds, and insects.

Macaques love to eat fruits such as bananas, berries, and apples. These juicy treats provide them with important vitamins and minerals. They also munch on leaves and tender shoots found in the forests where they live. These leafy greens provide them with fiber, which helps them digest their food properly.

In addition to fruits and leaves, macaques also eat seeds and nuts. These crunchy snacks are a good source of protein and healthy fats. Macaques are clever creatures, and they use their strong jaws and teeth to crack open the shells of these seeds and enjoy the tasty insides.

Furthermore, macaques are quite skilled at catching insects. They use their nimble hands to snatch up insects like termites and beetles. These critters provide them with protein, which is essential for their growing bodies.

In conclusion, macaques have a diverse diet that includes fruits, leaves, seeds, and insects. These foods provide them with the necessary nutrients to survive and thrive in their natural habitat. By eating a variety of foods, macaques can keep themselves healthy and energized.

Locomotion of Macaque

The Macaque animal moves around using a method called locomotion. Locomotion means how an animal moves from one place to another. Macaques are very agile and can move in different ways. They can run on all fours like other animals, using their strong and flexible limbs to go fast. They can also climb trees using their long arms and sharp claws. This helps them move up and down the trees easily and quickly.

When macaques are on the ground, they can jump and leap to cover distances. They have powerful legs that allow them to jump high in the air. This helps them cross obstacles like rocks and rivers. Macaques also have a special way of moving called quadrupedal walking. It means they can move by using their arms and legs together. This helps them balance themselves and move smoothly.

In summary, macaque animals have different ways of moving called locomotion. They can run, climb, jump, and use quadrupedal walking to get around. Their flexible limbs and strong legs make them very skilled at moving in various environments. They are truly impressive animals!

Social and Sexual Behaviour of Macaque

Macaque animals are known for their interesting social and sexual behaviors. They live together in groups called troops, which can include both males and females. These troops have a hierarchy, or ranking system, where dominant individuals have higher status and get more privileges, like better access to food and mates.

In terms of social behavior, macaques engage in grooming, which is the act of cleaning and picking each other’s fur. This helps them bond and maintain good relationships within the troop. They also have different vocalizations to communicate with each other, such as screams, grunts, and coos. By using these sounds, they can convey messages like warnings or invitations.

When it comes to sexual behavior, macaques have a promiscuous mating system, meaning they have multiple partners. This allows genetic diversity within the troop and ensures the survival of their species. Sometimes, dominant males have more access to mates than subordinate males. To attract females, males display their bright colored skin, make calls, and perform impressive physical displays, like chasing or jumping.

In conclusion, macaques have a complex social structure with hierarchies and unique ways of communication. Their promiscuous mating system ensures the survival of their species. It is fascinating to observe and study the social and sexual behaviors of these intelligent animals.

Reproduction and Lifecycle of Macaque

The macaque animal goes through a fascinating process of reproduction and life cycle. Let’s explore how these creatures bring new life into the world and grow from babies to adults.

First, the reproduction of macaques begins when a male and female macaque come together during a special time called mating season. During this period, the male macaque tries to impress the female by displaying his strength and dominance. If the female is interested, they mate, which means the male’s sperm fertilizes the female’s egg.

After mating, the female macaque carries the baby inside her womb for several months, just like human mothers do. When the time is right, she gives birth to a small baby macaque. These baby macaques are very fragile and rely entirely on their mothers for survival. The mother takes great care of her baby, nursing it and keeping it safe from any danger.

As the baby macaque grows, it becomes more independent. It learns to crawl, walk, and explore its surroundings. The young macaque starts eating solid food and begins learning important skills from its mother and other members of the macaque troop. As it grows older, the macaque becomes stronger and more capable of taking care of itself.

In summary, the macaque animal goes through a life cycle that includes mating, pregnancy, birth, and growing up. Just like humans, macaques have a special time for mating, and the female gives birth to a baby after carrying it inside her womb. The baby macaque relies on its mother for survival in the beginning but gradually becomes more independent and learns important skills from its surroundings.

Threats to Macaque

Macaques are facing several threats that put their existence at risk. One significant threat to these animals is habitat loss. As human populations grow and expand, natural habitats like forests are destroyed to make way for agriculture, infrastructure, and urbanization. This leads to a loss of the macaque’s habitat, leaving them with less space to live and find food. As a result, their populations decline, and they struggle to survive.

Another major threat to macaques is poaching. These animals are often hunted for their meat, fur, and body parts, which are used in traditional medicine practices. Despite laws and regulations against poaching, it continues to be a problem due to high demand for macaque products. Poaching not only reduces macaque populations but also disrupts their social structures and causes imbalances in ecosystems.

Additionally, macaques face the threat of conflict with humans. As their natural habitats are destroyed, macaques are forced to venture into human settlements in search of food. This can lead to conflicts between humans and macaques, as they sometimes damage crops, raid garbage bins, or even become aggressive in their search for sustenance. In response, humans may resort to trapping, poisoning, or harming the macaques, further endangering their population.

In conclusion, macaques are facing numerous threats that endanger their survival. Habitat loss, poaching, and conflicts with humans are the main factors contributing to their declining populations. It is crucial to raise awareness about these issues and take the necessary steps to protect and conserve macaques and their habitats to ensure their long-term survival.

Population of Macaque

The population of the Macaque animal is believed to be around 20 million individuals worldwide. These clever and social creatures can be found in various habitats, including forests, mountains, and even urban areas. Macaques are known for their adaptability and are found in Asia, Europe, and North Africa.

However, if the Macaque were to become extinct, it would be a great loss to the biodiversity of our planet. Extinction means the complete disappearance of a species. This can happen due to various reasons such as habitat loss, overhunting, or diseases. Human activities like deforestation and poaching pose a significant threat to the survival of many animals, including the Macaque.

It is crucial for us to take care of our planet and its inhabitants to prevent the extinction of species like the Macaque. We can help by protecting their natural habitats, promoting conservation efforts, and raising awareness about the importance of biodiversity. By working together, we can ensure that the Macaque and other endangered animals have a bright and secure future.

Conclusion

In the vast and diverse world of animals, one species that stands out is the macaque. With a rich history and a wide range of fascinating facts, the macaque never fails to captivate our attention. These incredible creatures are found in various habitats and come in different sizes, making them truly unique.

The macaque is a part of the primate family, which includes monkeys and apes. They can be found in various regions across the globe, including Asia, Europe, and Africa. Their habitat ranges from forests to mountains, but they are highly adaptable and can even live in urban environments. With their keen ability to adapt, macaques have become skilled at finding food and surviving in different surroundings.

One interesting fact about macaques is their intelligence. They are highly intelligent animals, with the ability to problem solve and communicate with each other through vocalizations and gestures. In addition, macaques are known for their social structures and hierarchies within their groups. They form close bonds with family members and engage in grooming each other as a way to strengthen these relationships.

In conclusion, the macaque is a remarkable animal with a rich history and intriguing characteristics. From their ability to adapt to various habitats to their intelligence and social structures, macaques never fail to amaze us. The world of animals is vast and diverse, and the macaque is certainly a species that stands out in this amazing tapestry of life.

Frequently Asked Questions about Macaque (FAQ’s)

Q: What is a macaque?
A: A macaque is a type of monkey that belongs to the Old World monkey family.

Q: Where are macaques found?
A: Macaques are found in various parts of the world, including Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Q: How many species of macaques are there?
A: There are approximately 23 recognized species of macaques.

Q: What do macaques eat?
A: Macaques are omnivorous, meaning they eat both plants and animals. Their diet typically consists of fruits, seeds, leaves, insects, and small vertebrates.

Q: Are macaques social animals?
A: Yes, macaques are highly social animals, forming complex social structures within their groups.

Q: How large do macaques grow?
A: The size of macaques can vary depending on the species, but they generally range from around 2 to 2.5 feet (60 to 75 cm) in length, excluding the tail.

Q: How long do macaques live?
A: Macaques typically live for around 20 to 30 years in the wild, but they can live longer in captivity.

Q: Do macaques have a specific mating season?
A: Yes, most macaque species have a specific mating season, which varies depending on the region and species.

Q: How do macaques communicate with each other?
A: Macaques communicate through vocalizations, facial expressions, body postures, and gestures.

Q: Do macaques use tools?
A: Yes, some macaque species have been observed using tools, such as stones or sticks, to help them in tasks like cracking nuts or opening shells.

Q: Are macaques endangered?
A: The conservation status of macaques varies depending on the species. Some are listed as endangered or vulnerable due to habitat loss and hunting, while others are considered least concern.

Q: Can macaques swim?
A: Yes, macaques are generally good swimmers and are known to swim across rivers or lakes.

Q: Are macaques kept as pets?
A: Macaques are not recommended as pets due to their complex needs and social structure. In many places, it is illegal to keep them as pets.

Q: Are macaques aggressive towards humans?
A: Macaques can exhibit aggressive behavior if they feel threatened or provoked, so it is advised to maintain a safe distance and respect their space.

Q: Can macaques be trained?
A: Yes, macaques are highly intelligent and can be trained to perform certain tasks or behaviors through positive reinforcement techniques. However, training should only be done by professionals in appropriate settings.

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