Red-Eared Slider: History, Facts, Size, Habitat, Classification & Much More

By Tyler Swan

Today, we are diving into the amazing world of reptiles through our blog post. In particular, we will be exploring the fascinating Red-Eared Slider. This article will provide you with a generous dose of history, interesting facts, details about their size and habitat, as well as their classification within the reptile family. We have already covered a wide range of reptiles, featuring over 155 different species in a separate article on our blog.

The Red-Eared Slider, scientifically known as Trachemys scripta elegans, is a species of freshwater turtle native to the United States and Mexico. These reptiles are highly recognizable due to the distinctive red patch on each side of their head, giving them their name. Red-Eared Sliders have a captivating history, as they were initially found only in the southern regions of North America but have since been introduced to various parts of the world as popular pets.

Let’s delve into some intriguing facts about these reptiles. Red-Eared Sliders can grow to be quite large, with females reaching lengths of up to 12 inches, while males tend to be slightly smaller. They are natural swimmers and can adapt to different aquatic environments, including ponds, lakes, and slow-moving rivers. As classified within the reptile family, they belong to the order Testudines and the family Emydidae.

Stay tuned for an exciting journey as we uncover more interesting details about the remarkable Red-Eared Slider. Keep in mind that our blog already covers a vast array of reptile species, so feel free to explore our other articles to expand your knowledge. Get ready to embark on a reptile adventure like no other!

History of Red-Eared Slider

The history of the Red-Eared Slider reptile is quite interesting. These amazing creatures have been around for a long time. They have a special place in the world of reptiles.

The Red-Eared Slider is native to North America. They can be found in many different places, such as lakes, ponds, and rivers. They are quite adaptable and can even be found in some areas outside of their natural habitat.

These reptiles have been around for millions of years. They are believed to have evolved from ancestors that lived in the water. Over time, they developed special adaptations that allowed them to survive in various environments.

Red-Eared Sliders have become popular as pets all around the world. They are known for their beautiful bright red markings on the sides of their heads, which give them their name. Many people enjoy having Red-Eared Sliders as pets because they are relatively easy to care for and can live for many years.

In conclusion, the Red-Eared Slider reptile has a long and fascinating history. They are native to North America and have been around for millions of years. They have special adaptations that allow them to survive in different environments. These reptiles have become popular pets due to their unique appearance and ease of care.

Importance of Red-Eared Slider

Red-eared slider reptiles are incredibly important creatures that play a significant role in maintaining the balance of nature. They are important for several reasons.

Firstly, red-eared sliders are excellent cleaners of their habitat. They help keep the ecosystem clean by feeding on various types of aquatic plants, insects, and small fish. By doing so, they prevent the overgrowth of certain plant species and control the population of harmful insects. This helps maintain the health and stability of the environment they live in.

Secondly, red-eared sliders serve as a crucial part of the food chain. They are a source of food for predators such as birds, raccoons, and large fish. Their presence ensures the survival and well-being of other animals in their ecosystem. Without red-eared sliders, the food chain would be disrupted, leading to imbalances in the population of other species.

Lastly, red-eared sliders have aesthetic and educational value. Their vibrant colors and unique appearance make them popular pets and attractions in aquariums and zoos. Observing and learning about these reptiles can help people appreciate the beauty of nature and understand the importance of preserving their natural habitats.

In conclusion, red-eared sliders are important for maintaining the cleanliness and balance of their environment, as well as contributing to the food chain. They also have educational and aesthetic value, helping people connect with nature and learn about the importance of conservation.

Amazing Facts About Red-Eared Slider

1. Red-eared slider is a type of freshwater turtle that is commonly found in North America.
2. These turtles have a distinctive red stripe behind each eye, which gives them their name.
3. Red-eared sliders can grow to be quite large, with males reaching up to 9-13 inches in length and females growing even larger.
4. These turtles are known for their long lifespan, with some individuals living for more than 40 years!
5. Red-eared sliders are excellent swimmers and spend most of their time in water, either in ponds, lakes, or slow-moving rivers.
6. Despite being turtles, they are not good climbers and prefer to stay close to water sources.
7. These reptiles are omnivores, meaning they eat both plants and small animals. Their diet includes aquatic plants, insects, fish, and even small birds or mammals.
8. Red-eared sliders have a strong sense of smell, which helps them locate food and potential mates.
9. These turtles have a unique ability to retract their head, limbs, and tail into their shells for protection.
10. When they feel threatened or alarmed, Red-eared sliders can quickly slide off rocks or logs and into the water to escape predators.
11. The females of this species have the ability to retain sperm for several years and can lay eggs without mating again during that time.
12. In warmer climates, Red-eared sliders may lay eggs multiple times throughout the year, while in colder regions, they typically lay eggs once a year.
13. The eggs of these turtles are typically buried in sandy or gravelly areas near the water’s edge, where they are incubated by the sun.
14. After being laid, the eggs take around 60-80 days to hatch, and the baby turtles emerge ready to start their journey in water.
15. Red-eared sliders are popular pets due to their attractive appearance and ease of care, but they require a significant amount of space and a suitable aquatic habitat to thrive.

Can we keep Red-Eared Slider as our Pet?

The Red-Eared Slider is a kind of reptile that some people like to keep as pets. They have a shell on their back and are known for their red mark near their ears. Keeping them as pets is not a good idea because they can harm the environment. This is why it is important not to introduce them to new places.

If the Red-Eared Slider reptile becomes extinct, it means that there are no more of them left in the whole world. Extinction happens when a species cannot survive because of various reasons, like loss of habitat or being killed by humans. If they become extinct, we will not be able to keep them as pets anymore because there won’t be any left.

It is not a good idea to keep Red-Eared Sliders as pets because they can be dangerous to the environment. When people release them into the wild, they can harm other animals and their habitats. This is why it is important to learn about the effects of introducing non-native species, like the Red-Eared Slider, into new environments. We must remember to be responsible pet owners and not release them into places where they do not belong.

Size of Red-Eared Slider

The Red-Eared Slider is a type of reptile that is well-known for its beautiful red patch behind its eye. These turtles can grow to be quite large. In fact, adult Red-Eared Sliders can measure up to 12 inches long! That’s almost as big as a ruler! Can you imagine seeing a turtle that big in real life? It would be amazing!

When the Red-Eared Slider is a baby, it is very tiny and cute. It is about the size of a quarter, which is a lot smaller than the adult size. As they grow, they shed their skin and get bigger and bigger. It takes them many years to reach their full size. It’s fascinating to watch these reptiles grow from a tiny baby to a big and majestic creature.

If you ever come across a Red-Eared Slider, be sure to give it plenty of space because they need a lot of room to swim and explore. It’s important to remember that these turtles can easily outgrow their tanks or bowls, so they need a big enclosure when they are kept as pets. Their size allows them to live in different environments like ponds or rivers where they can freely roam around and bask in the sun.

In summary, Red-Eared Sliders are quite impressive in size. They can grow up to 12 inches long, starting off as tiny babies that fit in the palm of your hand. It’s amazing to see them grow from such a small creature to a big and majestic turtle. Just remember, these beautiful reptiles need a lot of space to live happily and thrive in their natural habitats.

Habitat of Red-Eared Slider

The red-eared slider reptile lives in various habitats across North and Central America. They can be found in freshwater environments such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and marshes. Red-eared sliders love to bask in the sun, so they also need a suitable land area or a good basking spot near the water. They need both water and land for their survival.

These turtles prefer habitats with calm and slow-moving water. They can be found in different types of water bodies, including standing water bodies like lakes and ponds, as well as slow-moving water bodies like rivers and marshes. These areas have plenty of vegetation, which is an essential part of their habitat. The vegetation not only provides them with food but also serves as a place to hide from predators.

The land area they require is equally important. Red-eared sliders use the land for nesting, sleeping, and basking under the warmth of the sun. They love to soak up the sunlight to regulate their body temperature. The land area should have a sandy or muddy substrate, which is easy for them to dig into and lay their eggs. They also need rocks or logs near the water to climb upon and bask.

Overall, red-eared sliders need a combination of water and land habitats to thrive. An ideal habitat for them would have calm freshwater, abundant vegetation, ample basking spots, and nesting areas. It is crucial to protect these habitats to ensure the survival of red-eared sliders and maintain a healthy ecosystem for all its inhabitants.

Evolution of Red-Eared Slider

The red-eared slider reptile has a fascinating evolutionary history. These turtles belong to a group called Testudines, which is one of the oldest and most ancient reptile groups. The ancestors of the red-eared slider can be traced back over 200 million years ago, to the time when dinosaurs still roamed the Earth. These early turtle ancestors were small and had a more primitive body structure compared to the red-eared sliders we see today.

As time passed, the red-eared slider’s ancestors adapted to their environment and evolved into the species we recognize today. One important adaptation was the development of a hard protective shell, which served as a defense against predators. It enabled them to withdraw their head, limbs, and tail into the shell when threatened. This shell also provided support for their body as they moved on land or water.

Over millions of years, the red-eared slider reptile further adapted to various habitats, including ponds, lakes, and rivers. They evolved strong, webbed feet that allowed them to swim efficiently and move quickly in the water. Their diet also changed, as they started to consume plants, insects, small fish, and even carrion. These adaptations greatly contributed to their survival and widespread distribution, as they can now be found in many regions around the world.

In summary, the red-eared slider reptile has a long and remarkable evolutionary history. From its ancient ancestors to the present-day species, these turtles have adapted and evolved to survive in diverse environments. Their development of a protective shell, strong webbed feet, and varied diet have all played a crucial role in their successful evolution.

Classification of Red-Eared Slider

The Red-Eared Slider is a type of reptile that can be found in many parts of the world. It belongs to the family Emydidae and the scientific name for this species is Trachemys scripta elegans. The Red-Eared Slider gets its name from the red patch that can be seen behind its eyes. These reptiles are also known for their ability to slide off rocks and into the water quickly.

Red-Eared Sliders have a shell on their back, which provides them protection from predators. The shell is made up of two parts – the carapace on top and the plastron on the bottom. These shells can vary in color, ranging from greenish-brown to olive green. The Red-Eared Slider has a long neck, which allows it to reach out and catch its food easily. It mainly feeds on plants, insects, small fish, and crustaceans.

These turtles are excellent swimmers and can often be found in ponds, lakes, and slow-moving rivers. They are able to adapt to various aquatic environments because of their webbed feet, which help them move quickly through the water. Red-Eared Sliders are cold-blooded animals, which means their body temperature depends on the temperature of their surroundings. When they feel cold, they bask in the sun or on rocks to warm themselves up.

In conclusion, the Red-Eared Slider is a reptile belonging to the Emydidae family. It has a distinctive red patch behind its eyes and a shell that provides protection. These turtles are excellent swimmers and can be found in various aquatic environments. They are known for their ability to adapt and regulate their body temperature.

Different Types of Red-Eared Slider

1. Red-Eared Slider (RES)
– The Red-Eared Slider is a popular and widely recognized species of reptile.
– It is known for its vivid red patch behind each eye, which resembles ears, giving it its name.
– They are native to the southern United States and northern Mexico, but are now commonly found as pets around the world.

2. Albino Red-Eared Slider
– Albino RES is a variation of the Red-Eared Slider that lacks pigmentation, resulting in a unique appearance.
– These turtles have pinkish skin and red eyes, making them stand out from other RES.
– Albino turtles require careful attention to their habitat and exposure to sunlight due to their lack of pigmentation.

3. Hypomelanistic Red-Eared Slider
– The Hypomelanistic RES have a reduced amount of melanin pigment in their skin, shell, and eyes.
– They often display a lighter coloration, sometimes appearing yellowish or light brown compared to the typical RES.
– Hypo turtles are highly sought after by reptile enthusiasts due to their less common appearance.

4. Ghost Red-Eared Slider
– Ghost RES turtles are characterized by their light and pale-yellowish skin coloration.
– This variation of the Red-Eared Slider lacks the typical vibrant red markings on its face, giving it a ghostly appearance.
– Their unique coloration makes them stand out among other RES, making them popular pets.

5. Caramel Red-Eared Slider
– Caramel RES turtles exhibit a caramel-like coloration with a unique combination of light and dark spots on their shell and skin.
– They often have a brownish or amber hue, which makes them visually appealing to turtle enthusiasts.
– Caramel RES are known for their striking appearance and are highly desired by collectors.

6. Pastel Red-Eared Slider
– Pastel RES turtles have a lighter base color than the typical Red-Eared Slider, often appearing pale yellow or cream.
– They also display fainter red markings behind their eyes, emphasizing their pastel-like appearance.
– Due to their soft and muted colors, Pastel RES are popular pets to add a gentle touch to reptile collections.

7. Golden Red-Eared Slider
– Golden RES turtles have a vibrant golden hue to their skin, making them visually striking.
– Their yellowish-gold coloration covers most of their body, including their shell and skin.
– These turtles create an impressive and radiant display in aquariums, catching the eye of turtle enthusiasts.

8. Two-Headed Red-Eared Slider
– The two-headed RES turtles possess an extremely rare and captivating genetic abnormality, resulting in two heads.
– These turtles can have two functional heads or one dominant and one less functional one.
– Due to the rarity and unusualness of this condition, two-headed RES are considered a special and unique addition to any reptile collection.

9. Half-and-Half Red-Eared Slider
– Half-and-Half RES turtles, also known as piebald RES, display a distinct division of colors on their body.
– One side of their body is typically covered in darker pigmentation, while the other side remains lighter.
– This characteristic creates a visually appealing contrast, making these turtles stand out from other RES varieties.

10. Painted Red-Eared Slider
– Painted RES turtles often exhibit vibrant and varied color patterns on their shell and skin.
– These patterns resemble an artist’s brush strokes or intricate designs, giving the appearance of being painted.
– The uniquely painted shell and skin make these turtles popular among reptile enthusiasts looking for visually distinctive RES varieties.

Geographical Presence of Red-Eared Slider

The Red-Eared Slider is a reptile that can be found in the Southern region of the United States. This includes states like Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. They are often seen in lakes, rivers, ponds, and swamps, as well as in residential areas with artificial ponds or water gardens.

However, Red-Eared Sliders are not naturally found in other parts of the world. They do not inhabit countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, or Australia. This is because they are native to North America and have not been introduced to other regions. It is important to understand the specific habitat requirements of this species before considering keeping them as pets or introducing them to new areas.

In some places, Red-Eared Sliders have been introduced as pets and have become invasive species. This means that they are not native to the area and can cause harm to the local ecosystem. It is important to prevent the release of pet turtles into the wild, as they can outcompete native species for resources and disrupt the balance of the ecosystem.

In summary, the Red-Eared Slider is found in the Southern region of the United States, but not in other parts of the world. They are not naturally found in Europe, Asia, Africa, or Australia. It is essential to be responsible pet owners and not release them into the wild to prevent any harm to the environment.

Scientific Name of Red-Eared Slider

The scientific name of the Red-Eared Slider reptile is Trachemys scripta elegans. Trachemys scripta elegans is a type of freshwater turtle that is commonly found in North America. These turtles are known for their distinctive red markings on the sides of their heads and their ability to slide off rocks and logs into the water.

Trachemys scripta elegans belongs to the family Emydidae, which includes various species of turtles native to North America. They have a broad, flattened shell and strong, webbed feet that allow them to swim easily in their aquatic habitats. These turtles have a remarkable ability to adapt to different environments, which has contributed to their widespread distribution.

In addition to their striking appearance, Trachemys scripta elegans are also popular as pets around the world. However, they can outgrow their tanks quickly and require proper care to thrive. It is important to remember that they are considered an invasive species in many parts of the world, as individuals that are released into the wild can have negative impacts on local ecosystems. Therefore, it is essential to be responsible and informed when considering keeping Trachemys scripta elegans as a pet.

Diet of Red-Eared Slider

The red-eared slider is a type of reptile that needs a proper diet to stay healthy. These little creatures love to eat a variety of foods. Their meals typically include both plants and small animals.

One important part of a red-eared slider’s diet is plants. They enjoy munching on various leafy greens, such as lettuce, spinach, and kale. It’s important to wash these greens thoroughly before feeding them to the sliders. They can also eat vegetables like carrots, bell peppers, and tomatoes. These colorful foods provide essential nutrients for the sliders’ overall well-being.

Apart from plants, red-eared sliders also enjoy eating small animals. They are omnivores, which means they consume both plants and meat. These reptiles love to gobble up insects like crickets and mealworms. Additionally, they can eat small fish, such as minnows or goldfish. However, it’s crucial to make sure these fish are not from polluted water sources.

To sum up, the diet of a red-eared slider mainly consists of plants and small animals. Leafy greens and vegetables are essential for their health, while insects and small fish provide extra nutrients. By providing a balanced diet, we can help these reptiles stay happy and healthy for many years.

Locomotion of Red-Eared Slider

The Red-Eared Slider reptile moves in a special way called locomotion. Locomotion is how an animal moves from one place to another. Red-Eared Sliders, just like other turtles, have a unique and interesting way of getting around on land and in the water.

When they are on land, Red-Eared Sliders use their strong legs to walk. They push their feet forward and move slowly but steadily. It may not be as fast as running, but it gets them where they need to go. When they are in the water, Red-Eared Sliders are amazing swimmers. They use their powerful back legs to paddle and their front legs to steer. Their smooth shells and streamlined bodies help them glide through the water quickly. It’s really cool to watch them swim gracefully with ease. So whether on land or in the water, these little reptiles know how to get moving!

Social and Sexual Behaviour of Red-Eared Slider

The red-eared slider reptile is an interesting creature when it comes to its social and sexual behavior. These reptiles are commonly found in lakes, ponds, and rivers. They enjoy basking in the sun and swimming in the water. Red-eared sliders are known to be quite social creatures and can often be found in groups. They like to hang out together and can even be seen basking in a group on logs or rocks near the water.

When it comes to their sexual behavior, red-eared sliders have a unique way of mating. The male turtles will swim around the female and show off their long claws and colorful markings. If the female is interested, she will allow the male to mount her. They mate in the water, where the female will lay her eggs. It is fascinating to note that the temperature of the eggs will determine the sex of the baby turtles. If the eggs are kept at a lower temperature, males will hatch, and if they are kept at a higher temperature, females will hatch.

Overall, the red-eared slider reptile is a social creature that enjoys the company of its fellow turtles. Their mating behavior is interesting, with the males showing off and the females choosing their mates. It is incredible how the temperature of the eggs determines the sex of the babies. These reptiles have unique social and sexual behaviors that make them stand out in the animal kingdom.

Reproduction and Lifecycle of Red-Eared Slider

The Red-Eared Slider is a type of reptile that goes through a life cycle to reproduce and grow. In order for a Red-Eared Slider to have babies, it needs to mate with another Red-Eared Slider. The female Red-Eared Slider will then lay eggs in a nest made on land.

Once the eggs are laid, the mother leaves them in the nest and does not take care of them. The eggs need to stay warm in order to hatch, so they are left in the sun or buried in sand for about two to three months. During this time, the baby turtles are growing inside the eggs.

After the two to three months have passed, the baby turtles, also known as hatchlings, begin to crack open their shells. They use a little tooth called an egg tooth to break out. Once they have hatched, the hatchlings make their way out of the nest and head toward the water.

As the baby turtles grow, they become strong swimmers and spend most of their time in the water. Eventually, they grow into adult Red-Eared Sliders. These turtles can live for a very long time, sometimes up to 20 or 30 years! The life cycle of a Red-Eared Slider is a fascinating process that allows them to reproduce and continue their species.

Threats to Red-Eared Slider

One threat to red-eared slider reptiles is habitat loss. As more land is developed for human activities such as building houses or roads, the natural habitats of these turtles are being destroyed. This can lead to a reduction in the availability of suitable places for the turtles to live and reproduce. Without a proper habitat, their populations can decline, which is a threat to the species.

Another threat to red-eared sliders is pollution. Pollutants like chemicals, trash, and oil can contaminate the water where these turtles live. This pollution can harm the turtles directly by causing health problems or even death. It can also affect their food sources, such as fish or plants, which can lead to a lack of food and reduced survival rates for the red-eared sliders.

Lastly, the illegal pet trade poses a significant threat to red-eared sliders. Although they are often kept as pets, many people do not realize the responsibility and care required to keep these turtles healthy. As a result, some owners release them into the wild when they can no longer care for them. This can cause problems because these turtles may compete with native species for food and resources, disrupting the balance of the ecosystem in their new environment.

To protect red-eared slider turtles, it is important to conserve their natural habitats and reduce pollution in their living areas. People can also choose not to support the illegal pet trade by only purchasing turtles from reputable breeders or adopting from rescue organizations. By taking these steps, we can help ensure the survival and well-being of red-eared sliders for future generations.

Population of Red-Eared Slider

The population of the red-eared slider reptile, an aquatic turtle, is estimated to be around 9 million individuals worldwide. These reptiles are commonly found in the United States, Mexico, and other parts of North America. They are popular pets, and many of them are also bred in captivity.

However, if the red-eared slider were to become extinct, it would mean that there are no more of these reptiles left in the world. Extinction happens when a species cannot survive anymore due to various reasons, such as habitat loss, pollution, or overhunting. Many animals have gone extinct throughout history, and it is a sad event because they will never be seen again.

To prevent the extinction of red-eared sliders and other species, it is important to protect their habitats and not disturb their natural environments. It is also crucial to avoid capturing them from the wild and instead support breeding programs in captivity. By taking these actions, we can help ensure the survival and well-being of the red-eared slider and other animals for future generations to appreciate and enjoy.

Conclusion

To sum up the information provided in this blog post about the Red-Eared Slider, we have explored various aspects of this fascinating reptile. The Red-Eared Slider belongs to the family of reptiles known as turtles, which are characterized by their shells and ability to live both on land and in water. These sliders have a rich history and can be found in many parts of the world today.

When it comes to size, Red-Eared Sliders can grow up to 12 inches long and can have a lifespan of over 20 years in captivity. They are known for their distinct red patch behind each ear, which gives them their name. As for their habitat, these sliders prefer freshwater environments like ponds, lakes, and slow-moving rivers. They are excellent swimmers and have adapted well to their aquatic world.

In terms of classification, the Red-Eared Slider belongs to the family Emydidae and the genus Trachemys. They are classified as reptiles, which means they are cold-blooded, have scales on their skin, and lay eggs. They are a popular choice for pet owners, but it’s important to provide them with a proper enclosure and balanced diet to ensure their well-being.

In conclusion, the Red-Eared Slider is a fascinating reptile that has a long history and can be found in various habitats around the world. With their unique features and adaptability, they continue to captivate both researchers and pet enthusiasts alike. Learning about these reptiles helps us appreciate the incredible diversity of the animal kingdom and reminds us of the importance of respecting and protecting their natural habitats.

Frequently Asked Questions about Red-Eared Slider (FAQ’s)

Q: What is a red-eared slider?
A: The red-eared slider is a semi-aquatic turtle native to North America.

Q: How big does a red-eared slider turtle grow?
A: Red-eared sliders can grow up to 12-16 inches in shell length.

Q: What do red-eared sliders eat?
A: Red-eared sliders are omnivores, so they eat both plants and small aquatic animals.

Q: How often should I feed my red-eared slider?
A: It is recommended to feed adult red-eared sliders 2-3 times a week, while juveniles should be fed daily.

Q: What kind of habitat does a red-eared slider need?
A: Red-eared sliders require both water and land areas in their habitat, along with a basking spot and UVB lighting.

Q: Do red-eared sliders need a water filter?
A: Yes, it is essential to have a good water filter in the tank to maintain proper water quality.

Q: Can red-eared sliders live with other turtles?
A: It is generally not advised to keep red-eared sliders with other turtle species, as they may compete for resources.

Q: How long is the average lifespan of a red-eared slider?
A: Red-eared sliders can live for over 20 years, and sometimes even up to 40 years in captivity.

Q: Can red-eared sliders be kept in outdoor ponds?
A: Yes, red-eared sliders can be kept in outdoor ponds if the climate is suitable and proper filtration is provided.

Q: How often should I clean my red-eared slider’s tank?
A: It is recommended to perform partial water changes and clean the tank filters once a week to maintain a clean environment.

Q: Can red-eared sliders be handled?
A: Red-eared sliders can tolerate occasional handling but should not be excessively stressed by frequent handling.

Q: What temperatures does a red-eared slider need?
A: Red-eared sliders require a basking area with temperatures around 85-90°F (29-32°C) and water temperatures around 75-80°F (24-27°C).

Q: How often should I provide UVB lighting for my red-eared slider?
A: Red-eared sliders need 10-12 hours of UVB lighting daily to support their calcium metabolism and overall health.

Q: Can red-eared sliders live alone?
A: Red-eared sliders are generally solitary animals and can live alone without a problem.

Q: Can I release a red-eared slider into the wild?
A: Releasing captive red-eared sliders into the wild is not recommended, as they can negatively impact local ecosystems.

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