Hoary Bat: History, Facts, Size, Habitat, Classification & Much More

By Morgan Gutierrez

Today we will be exploring the fascinating world of the hoary bat. This incredible creature is known for its unique history, impressive facts, size, habitat, and classification. The hoary bat, scientifically named “Animals Name,” is a species that will leave you in awe.

Let’s begin with the history of the hoary bat. This extraordinary creature has been roaming the Earth for thousands of years. Its existence dates back to ancient times, and its presence in various cultures and legends makes it a captivating subject. The hoary bat has captured the attention of researchers and enthusiasts for its mysterious behavior and extraordinary adaptations.

Now, let’s dive into some intriguing facts about the hoary bat. This incredible animal is well-known for its size. On average, it measures between 5.9 and 6.7 inches in length, making it one of the largest bats in North America. Its signature feature is its fur, which gives the hoary bat a frosted or hoary appearance, hence its name. Additionally, this remarkable creature can weigh up to 1.5 ounces, which is equivalent to the weight of several feathers.

Moving on to the hoary bat’s habitat and classification, you will find this remarkable species in a wide range of environments. They are known to inhabit both rural and urban areas, including forests, deserts, and even suburban neighborhoods. As for its classification, the hoary bat belongs to the family “Animals Name,” which includes a diverse group of bats known for their unique characteristics and adaptations.

In this article, we have delved into the captivating world of the hoary bat. From its intriguing history to mind-boggling facts about its size, habitat, and classification, this remarkable creature never ceases to amaze. With its distinctive features and mysterious behavior, the hoary bat is a true marvel of the animal kingdom. Remember, if you want to learn more about the hoary bat and other fascinating animals, be sure to check out our collection of over 155 animal articles on our blog.

History of Hoary Bat

The hoary bat is a fascinating animal with a long history. It belongs to the bat family and can be found in North America. This species has been around for thousands of years and has adapted to survive in various environments.

In the past, hoary bats were mainly found in forests, where they would roost during the day and hunt at night. They have the ability to fly long distances, and it is believed that they would migrate to warmer regions during the winter. It is also interesting to note that hoary bats are solitary creatures, meaning they prefer to live alone instead of in groups.

Throughout history, hoary bats have faced challenges due to human activities. Deforestation, which involves cutting down trees to make space for agriculture or development, has greatly affected their populations. This is because hoary bats rely on trees for roosting, and without sufficient trees, they struggle to find suitable habitats.

Conservation efforts have been put in place to protect hoary bats. Scientists and researchers have been studying their behavior and habitats to better understand their needs. This information is then used to implement strategies to conserve their populations and ensure their survival for future generations.

In conclusion, hoary bats have a long and interesting history. They have faced challenges due to human activities but are being protected through various conservation efforts. By learning more about these fascinating creatures, we can contribute to their well-being and preservation.

Importance of Hoary Bat

The hoary bat is a very important animal in our environment. It plays a key role in controlling the population of insects. Insects like beetles, moths, and flies can harm our crops and plants if their numbers get too high. But hoary bats are great hunters and they eat a lot of insects every night. This helps to keep the population of harmful insects in check.

Another reason why hoary bats are important is because they help to spread the seeds of plants. When hoary bats eat fruits like berries, they also swallow the seeds inside. Later, when the bats poop, the seeds come out with their waste and get spread in different places. This helps in the dispersal of seeds and allows new plants to grow in different areas, which is important for the health of our ecosystem.

Lastly, hoary bats are also a vital part of our biodiversity. Biodiversity means the variety of different animals and plants in our world. Each species, like the hoary bat, contributes to this diversity. It is important to have a wide range of species because they all have unique roles and interactions with other creatures. If we lose any species, it can disrupt the balance in nature and have negative effects on our environment.

In conclusion, the hoary bat is immensely important as it helps control insect populations, spreads seeds of plants, and contributes to the overall biodiversity. We must appreciate and protect these animals to ensure a healthy and balanced ecosystem.

Amazing Facts About Hoary Bat

1. The Hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) is a species of bat that is found throughout North and Central America.
2. It is one of the largest bat species in North America, with a wingspan that can reach up to 16 inches.
3. The Hoary bat gets its name from the silver-gray frosted appearance of its fur, which gives it a hoary or frosty look.
4. These bats are mainly forest-dwelling and can be found roosting in trees during the day, often hanging upside down.
5. Hoary bats are nocturnal creatures, meaning they are active during the night, when they go out to hunt for insects.
6. They are insectivorous animals and feed primarily on moths, beetles, and other flying insects that they catch while flying.
7. Unlike many other bats, the Hoary bat is solitary and does not form large colonies or roosts with other bat species.
8. During the warm months, female Hoary bats can give birth to a single offspring, called a pup, which they take care of until it matures.
9. These bats are known for their impressive flying and maneuvering abilities, allowing them to easily navigate through forests and catch prey in mid-air.
10. Hoary bats have excellent hearing and echolocation skills, which they use to locate and capture their prey in complete darkness.
11. They can fly at high speeds, reaching up to 40 miles per hour, and can cover long distances during their nightly foraging flights.
12. Their migration patterns are not fully understood, but it is believed that some Hoary bats may migrate southward during the winter months.
13. Despite their relatively large size, Hoary bats are agile and can fly in intricate patterns, making them skilled aerial hunters.
14. They have a unique hibernation pattern and are one of the few bat species that hibernate in trees or on structures instead of caves.
15. The Hoary bat population faces threats from habitat loss, pesticides, and collisions with wind turbines, making conservation efforts crucial for their survival.

Can we keep Hoary Bat as our Pet?

Hoary bats are fascinating animals that can be found in North America. While they may seem interesting, it is not suitable or ethical to keep them as pets. These bats are wildlife creatures and they belong in their natural habitats.

Firstly, hoary bats have specific needs that are difficult to replicate in a home environment. They require open spaces for flying, as they are known to migrate long distances in search of food and suitable roosting areas. Keeping them confined in a cage would restrict their natural behavior, leading to stress and unhappiness for the bat. It’s important to remember that wild animals are best appreciated from a distance, allowing them to live their lives as nature intended.

Furthermore, hoary bats are not only unsuitable as pets, but they are also facing the threat of extinction. The main reasons for the decline in hoary bat populations include habitat loss, pesticide use, and wind energy facilities. These factors have disrupted their natural habitats and have made it difficult for them to find sufficient food and roosting sites. To help protect and conserve hoary bats, it is crucial to let them live freely in the wild and not keep them as pets.

In conclusion, hoary bats should not be kept as pets because they have specific needs that cannot be met in a home environment. Furthermore, they are facing the risk of extinction and it is important to focus on conserving and protecting these beautiful creatures. Letting hoary bats live in their natural habitats ensures their well-being and allows them to thrive in the wild.

Size of Hoary Bat

The Hoary Bat is a magnificent creature that can be found in North and Central America. It is known for its impressive size, as it is one of the largest bat species in the world. These bats have a unique appearance, with fur that blends shades of gray and brown, making them look a bit like a small furry cloud. Their huge wingspan can reach up to 16 inches, which is about the same length as a ruler that we use at school.

Despite their size, these bats are not as heavy as one might think. They weigh between 0.5 to 1.5 ounces, which is less than your average candy bar. Even though they are bigger than most other bats, they are still quite small compared to other mammals found in the wild. However, what they lack in size, they make up for in agility and adaptability.

The Hoary Bat is a great example of how animals come in all different shapes and sizes. These bats may be larger than other bat species, but they are still much smaller than many other animals. Learning about creatures like the Hoary Bat helps us appreciate the incredible diversity found in our natural world. So next time you see a bat, remember that it may not be as big as some other animals, but it is definitely not small when it comes to its importance in our ecosystem.

Habitat of Hoary Bat

The hoary bat is a fascinating animal that lives in diverse habitats across North America. These bats can be found in a variety of environments, such as forests, woodlands, and even agricultural areas. They prefer habitats with plenty of trees and open spaces, as they are skilled fliers that rely on their strong wings to cover long distances.

One type of habitat where hoary bats are commonly found is in dense forests. These bats roost, or rest, during the daytime in the trees. They hang upside down from branches, using their strong, claw-like feet to grip onto the bark. This camouflage helps them blend in with the trees and stay hidden from predators, such as birds or other animals that might try to catch them.

Hoary bats are also known to inhabit woodlands, which have a mix of trees and open spaces. These areas provide the bats with ample opportunities to hunt for insects, their primary source of food. The wide range of trees in woodlands gives the hoary bats multiple options for roosting during the day. They may choose towering coniferous trees or opt for deciduous trees with dense foliage, depending on their specific needs and preferences.

In addition to forests and woodlands, hoary bats can be found in agricultural areas. These bats are known to fly over open fields and meadows in search of insects. They are adapted to hunting in these types of habitats and are not deterred by the presence of man-made structures, such as farms or houses. As long as there are enough insects for them to feed on, hoary bats can thrive in agricultural landscapes.

Overall, the hoary bat is a remarkable creature that can be found in a variety of habitats. From dense forests to open fields, these bats have adapted to make the most of their surroundings in order to find food and stay safe from predators. Their ability to survive in diverse environments is a testament to their resilience and resourcefulness.

Evolution of Hoary Bat

The hoary bat, also known as Lasiurus cinereus, has gone through a remarkable evolution over millions of years. These fascinating creatures belong to the order Chiroptera, which includes all kinds of bats. They can be found in various parts of North and Central America, from Canada to Mexico. The evolution of hoary bats showcases how they have adapted to survive and thrive in different environments.

The first paragraph can describe the early ancestors of bats, such as small mammalian insectivores, gradually developing the ability to fly. Emphasize the benefits of flight, such as escaping from predators more easily and accessing new food sources in different habitats. Mention how the hoary bat’s physical characteristics, such as its lightweight bones and flexible wings, evolved to improve flight capabilities.

The second paragraph can focus on the hoary bat’s adaptations to its environment. For example, its fur has evolved to be thick and frosted, providing excellent insulation from cold temperatures. This adaptation helps them survive in regions with harsh winters. Additionally, hoary bats have developed keen echolocation skills, allowing them to navigate in the dark while hunting for insects. These adaptations have made them successful hunters and enabled them to thrive in diverse habitats.

In the final paragraph, explain how the evolution of hoary bats continues to shape their survival today. Mention the threats they face, such as habitat loss and collisions with wind turbines. Stress the importance of conservation efforts to protect these incredible creatures and maintain their populations. Encourage readers to appreciate and respect the beauty of nature’s evolutionary wonders, like the hoary bat.

Classification of Hoary Bat

The hoary bat animal belongs to the scientific classification of bats, which are mammals. Bats are fascinating creatures that can fly and are known for their ability to use echolocation to navigate and find food. The hoary bat is a type of vesper bat and is considered one of the largest bats in North America.

The hoary bat is scientifically known as Lasiurus cinereus and can be found in various parts of North America, including Canada, the United States, and Mexico. It gets its name from its fur, which has a frosted or hoary appearance. This bat species has distinct characteristics, such as a big body size, long wings, and long ears. It also has a unique color pattern, with silver-grey fur on its back and a lighter color underneath.

Within the classification system, the hoary bat belongs to the Animalia kingdom, Chordata phylum, Mammalia class, Chiroptera order, Vespertilionidae family, and Lasiurus genus. The hoary bat is further classified into different subspecies, which have slight variations in their features and habitats. These subspecies include the eastern hoary bat, the Texas hoary bat, and the western hoary bat.

In conclusion, the hoary bat animal belongs to the group of mammals called bats. It is one of the largest bat species found in North America and is known for its silvery-grey fur. It falls into the Animalia kingdom, Chordata phylum, Mammalia class, Chiroptera order, Vespertilionidae family, and Lasiurus genus. Different subspecies of hoary bats exist with slight differences in their characteristics and habitats.

How did Hoary Bat Extinct?

1. The Hoary Bat is a species of bat that is found in various regions of the Americas. It is one of the most widespread and commonly recognized bat species in these areas.

2. Hoary Bats have a distinct appearance, with long, thick fur that is usually gray in color. This gives them a frosty or hoary-like appearance, hence their name.

3. These bats are known for their impressive size, as they are one of the largest bat species, with a wingspan of up to 16 inches and a weight of up to 1.8 ounces.

4. Hoary Bats are primarily nocturnal creatures, which means they are active during the night. They spend their days resting in trees or other roosts.

5. They are excellent fliers, capable of covering long distances during their nightly foraging flights. This makes them skilled hunters, feeding on a diet that consists mainly of insects, such as moths, beetles, and flies.

6. Hoary Bats are solitary animals and prefer to live alone rather than in large colonies like some other bat species. They tend to roost in dense foliage or trees, which provides them with protection and a safe hiding place during the daytime.

7. These bats have a unique ability to migrate long distances. Some populations travel thousands of miles each year to reach their summer or winter habitats, demonstrating their remarkable navigational skills.

8. Despite being common in many areas, Hoary Bats are still considered a species of least concern when it comes to their conservation status. However, they are protected by laws in certain areas due to habitat loss and disturbance.

9. Hoary Bats are important for maintaining ecological balance, as they help control insect populations by consuming vast quantities of insects during their nightly hunts, contributing to pest control in their habitats.

10. Although often misunderstood or feared due to their association with Halloween and common myths, bats like the Hoary Bat play a crucial role in our ecosystems. Appreciating and protecting these fascinating creatures is essential for a healthy and balanced environment.

Geographical Presence of Hoary Bat

The Hoary Bat is a fascinating animal that can be found in the regions of North, Central, and South America. This means that if you are exploring the forests of Canada, the mountains of Mexico, or the vast landscapes of Brazil, you might just catch a glimpse of this incredible bat species. Its range goes from the very north of America all the way down to Argentina, covering a wide span of diverse habitats.

However, there are certain regions where the Hoary Bat is not found. You won’t come across this particular bat species in Europe, Africa, or Asia. These regions have their own unique bat species that are adapted to their specific environments. So, if you happen to be in France, Kenya, or China, you won’t find the Hoary Bat flying around in the night sky.

In conclusion, the Hoary Bat can be found in the regions of North, Central, and South America, but not in Europe, Africa, or Asia. Its habitat stretches from Canada to Argentina, covering a wide range of landscapes. So, if you ever find yourself exploring the Americas, keep your eyes peeled and you might just spot this amazing creature hanging from a tree or gracefully gliding through the air.

Scientific Name of Hoary Bat

The scientific name for the Hoary Bat is Lasiurus cinereus. This extraordinary species belongs to the Vespertilionidae family, which includes many types of bats. The Hoary Bat is native to North and South America and is one of the largest bat species found in these regions.

These bats are easily identifiable due to their distinct appearance. They have dense fur that is usually a mix of light and dark colors, giving them a hoary-like (gray and white) appearance. Hoary bats are also known for their reddish or orangey wings, which can span up to 13 inches (33 centimeters). Despite their larger size, they are agile fliers and can cover great distances during their nighttime flights.

Hoary bats have a varied diet, primarily consisting of insects such as moths, beetles, and flies. They hunt their prey in the dark using their echolocation abilities, emitting sounds that bounce back to them, helping them locate their food. These bats often migrate to different areas depending on the season and the availability of food. During the warmer months, they can be found in temperate regions, but as winter approaches, they migrate to warmer areas or even hibernate to survive the cold.

In conclusion, the Hoary Bat, scientifically known as Lasiurus cinereus, is a remarkable species of bat found in the Americas. They possess unique physical features, including dense hoary-like fur and large reddish wings. These bats are skilled hunters, primarily feasting on insects, and migrate or hibernate to ensure their survival throughout the year.

Diet of Hoary Bat

The hoary bat is a fascinating animal with unique dietary needs. One important thing to know about the hoary bat’s diet is that it mainly consists of insects. These bats have a huge appetite and can eat many bugs in just one night! They particularly enjoy eating beetles, moths, and flies. They are excellent hunters and use echolocation to locate their prey in the dark.

Another interesting fact about the hoary bat’s diet is that it is not very picky. Unlike some other bat species, the hoary bat will eat a wide variety of insects. This is because they need to find food wherever they can, especially during their long migration journeys. Sometimes they even eat insects that are harmful to humans, like mosquitoes! So, in a way, the hoary bat helps us by controlling the insect population.

Lastly, it’s important to note that the hoary bat’s diet plays a crucial role in its survival. Without enough insects to eat, these bats would become weak and unhealthy. In fact, some hoary bats may travel long distances in search of food. They can migrate from as far as Canada to Mexico in order to find enough insects to sustain themselves. Their ability to adapt and find food wherever it may be is truly remarkable!

In conclusion, the hoary bat’s diet mainly consists of insects. They eat many different types of bugs, and their diet helps to control the insect population. Hoary bats are skilled hunters and are able to find food even during long migrations. Their adaptation and ability to find food wherever it may be is a key factor in their survival.

Locomotion of Hoary Bat

The Hoary Bat is a special animal that can fly in the sky. It has a unique way of moving called locomotion. Locomotion means how an animal moves from one place to another. The Hoary Bat uses its wings to fly in the air. It flaps its wings up and down to go higher or lower. When it wants to stay in one spot, it can stop flapping and glide through the air.

The Hoary Bat is a good flyer and can travel long distances. It can go really fast, reaching speeds up to 30 miles per hour! When it wants to catch its food, like insects, it uses its sharp claws to snatch them from the air. This bat is known for its great flying skills and can perform amazing aerial maneuvers. With its special way of locomotion, the Hoary Bat is a true master of the sky.

Social and Sexual Behaviour of Hoary Bat

The hoary bat is an interesting animal with unique social and sexual behaviors. These bats are solitary creatures, which means they prefer to live alone rather than in groups. They roost in trees during the day and become active during the night. Hoary bats are known to migrate long distances, sometimes traveling thousands of kilometers each year.

When it comes to mating, male hoary bats have a fascinating way of attracting females. They produce complex songs using ultrasound, which is sound that humans cannot hear. These ultrasound songs are used as a way to communicate with females and show off their fitness and strength. The females then choose the male with the most attractive songs to mate with.

After mating, the female hoary bats take care of their young all by themselves. They give birth to one or two babies called pups in the spring or summer. The pups rely on their mothers for milk and protection until they are old enough to fly and hunt on their own. The mother bats are very protective and will defend their pups from any potential threats.

Overall, the hoary bat is a solitary creature that migrates long distances. They use ultrasound songs to attract mates and females raise their pups alone. It’s interesting to learn about the social and sexual behaviors of these amazing animals.

Reproduction and Lifecycle of Hoary Bat

The hoary bat, a fascinating creature, goes through a remarkable process known as reproduction and has an interesting life cycle. Female hoary bats typically give birth to only one baby called a pup per year. The mating season for hoary bats usually occurs during the fall season. During this time, male bats actively search for females to mate with. Once mating has occurred, the female carries the fertilized eggs inside her body and provides them with nutrients for development.

The gestation period of a hoary bat lasts around two to three months. After this period, the female bat gives birth to the pup. The pup is born with its eyes closed and is entirely dependent on its mother for survival. The mother hoary bat takes great care of her pup, providing it with warmth and nourishment through her milk. The pup stays with its mother for several weeks until it becomes strong enough to fly and hunt for food.

As the pup grows older, it gradually becomes independent from its mother. After attaining a wing length of about eight inches, the young hoary bat becomes capable of flight. This is an exciting phase in the life cycle of a hoary bat, as it learns to explore the world on its own. As it matures, it will eventually reach adulthood and become ready to mate and continue the cycle of life.

In summary, the hoary bat reproduces once a year, having only one pup at a time. The female nurtures her pup and provides it with care until it is capable of flying and finding food. As it grows older, the young hoary bat becomes independent and participates in the mating process, continuing the life cycle of this incredible creature.

Threats to Hoary Bat

The Hoary Bat animal faces many threats in its natural habitat. One of the biggest threats is the destruction of its habitat. Humans are building more houses, roads, and factories, which means less space for the Hoary Bat to live. When their homes are destroyed, they struggle to find a new place to stay and raise their babies. This is very bad for the bat’s population.

Another threat to the Hoary Bat is pollution. Pollution comes from cars, factories, and other human activities. When the air and water become polluted, it becomes harder for the bats to find food and clean water to drink. Pollution can also cause diseases that can make the bats very sick. It is important for us to take care of the environment and not pollute, so the Hoary Bat can live a healthy life.

Finally, a threat to the Hoary Bat is predators. Predators are animals that hunt and eat other animals. The Hoary Bat has to be careful of owls, hawks, and even domestic cats. These predators can catch the bats while they are flying and eat them for dinner. It is important for the Hoary Bat to be able to hide in trees and other safe places to protect themselves from predators.

To protect the Hoary Bat, we need to preserve their habitat by not cutting down trees and not building too much in their homes. We should also reduce pollution by using fewer cars and factories that release harmful gases. Lastly, we need to keep predators away from the bats by making sure they have safe places to live. Let’s all work together to keep the Hoary Bat safe and ensure they can continue to live in harmony with us.

Population of Hoary Bat

The population of the Hoary Bat, an amazing animal with silvery-gray fur, is believed to be quite large. While exact figures are hard to come by, scientists estimate that there are possibly millions of Hoary Bats spread across North America, Central America, and parts of South America. This assumed figure indicates that the Hoary Bat population is not in immediate danger.

However, if the Hoary Bat were to go extinct, it would be a great loss. Extinction occurs when a species completely disappears from the Earth. This can happen due to various reasons, such as habitat destruction, pollution, or hunting. Losing the Hoary Bat would disrupt the ecosystem as they play a vital role in controlling insect populations, particularly during the summer months.

It is important for us to understand the significance of every animal’s existence and work towards protecting them, just as we do for endangered species. By preserving the natural habitats, reducing pollution, and raising awareness about the importance of biodiversity, we can help prevent the extinction of animals like the Hoary Bat and ensure a balanced and healthy environment for all living creatures.

Conclusion

In our exploration of the remarkable hoary bat, we have uncovered fascinating facts about this unique animal. From its historical significance to its size, habitat, and classification, the hoary bat has proven to be a species of great interest. By delving into the world of this mysterious creature, we have gained a better understanding of the diversity and beauty found within the animal kingdom.

One striking aspect of the hoary bat is its incredible adaptability. Despite being one of the largest bat species in North America, it is capable of flying long distances to find suitable habitats. These bats can be found from Canada to Mexico, showcasing their ability to thrive in a wide range of environments. This adaptability has allowed them to survive and evolve over time, making them an integral part of our natural ecosystem.

In terms of classification, the hoary bat belongs to the order Chiroptera, which includes all bats. Within this order, it falls under the family Vespertilionidae, making it closely related to other bat species. Understanding the classification of animals like the hoary bat helps scientists and researchers categorize and study them more effectively.

In conclusion, the hoary bat is an intriguing creature with a rich history and unique characteristics. From its adaptable nature to its classification within the bat family, it is evident that this animal holds significant importance in the world of animals. By continuing to learn and appreciate the diversity found in our animal kingdom, we gain a deeper respect for the beauty and wonders of nature.

Frequently Asked Questions about Hoary Bat (FAQ’s)

Q: What is a hoary bat?
A: The hoary bat is a species of bat found in North and Central America.

Q: What is the scientific name of the hoary bat?
A: The scientific name of the hoary bat is Lasiurus cinereus.

Q: How big do hoary bats grow?
A: Hoary bats are medium-sized bats, with a wingspan ranging from 13 to 16 inches.

Q: What do hoary bats look like?
A: Hoary bats have fur that is dark brown or black, with white-tipped hairs giving them a frosted appearance.

Q: Where do hoary bats live?
A: Hoary bats can be found in forests, woodlands, and open areas throughout North and Central America.

Q: Are hoary bats migratory?
A: Yes, hoary bats are known to migrate long distances in search of food and suitable habitats.

Q: What is the diet of hoary bats?
A: Hoary bats primarily feed on flying insects, such as moths, beetles, and flies.

Q: Do hoary bats echolocate?
A: Yes, hoary bats use echolocation to navigate and find their prey during nighttime.

Q: Are hoary bats social animals?
A: No, hoary bats are solitary animals and usually roost alone during daytime.

Q: How do hoary bats reproduce?
A: Female hoary bats give birth to a single pup each year after a gestation period of approximately 40 days.

Q: What is the lifespan of hoary bats?
A: Hoary bats can live up to 12 years in the wild.

Q: Are hoary bats endangered?
A: Hoary bats are not currently classified as endangered, but they face threats such as habitat loss and human disturbance.

Q: Are hoary bats beneficial to humans?
A: Yes, hoary bats play a significant role in controlling insect populations, including agricultural pests.

Q: Can hoary bats transmit diseases to humans?
A: While hoary bats can carry diseases like rabies, the risk of transmission to humans is extremely low.

Q: How active are hoary bats?
A: Hoary bats are nocturnal animals, meaning they are most active during the night.

Q: Can hoary bats be kept as pets?
A: No, hoary bats are wild animals and it is illegal to keep them as pets. They require specific habitats and care that cannot be provided in a domestic setting.

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